{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:51:34Z","timestamp":1773384694853,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/0023\/1DP\/1.1.1.2.0\/13\/APIA\/VIAA\/037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/0023\/1DP\/1.1.1.2.0\/13\/APIA\/VIAA\/037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Baltisch-Deutsches HochschulKontor (2015) project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Baltisch-Deutsches HochschulKontor (2015) project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERAF_006_EJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERAF_006_EJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1.1.1.1\/18\/A\/099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.1.1.1\/18\/A\/099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alfred Raister memorial scholarship of the Latvian University","award":["NMV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMV"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Heidelberg University Mobility Grant for International Research Cooperation within the excellence initiative II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Heidelberg University Mobility Grant for International Research Cooperation within the excellence initiative II"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Near-triploid human tumors are frequently resistant to radio\/chemotherapy through mechanisms that are unclear. We recently reported a tight association of male tumor triploidy with XXY karyotypes based on a meta-analysis of 15 tumor cohorts extracted from the Mitelman database. Here we provide a conceptual framework of the digyny-like origin of this karyotype based on the germline features of malignant tumors and adaptive capacity of digyny, which supports survival in adverse conditions. Studying how the recombinatorial reproduction via diploidy can be executed in primary cancer samples and HeLa cells after DNA damage, we report the first evidence that diploid and triploid cell sub-populations constitutively coexist and inter-change genomes via endoreduplicated polyploid cells generated through genotoxic challenge. We show that irradiated triploid HeLa cells can enter tripolar mitosis producing three diploid sub-subnuclei by segregation and pairwise fusions of whole genomes. Considering the upregulation of meiotic genes in tumors, we propose that the reconstructed diploid sub-cells can initiate pseudo-meiosis producing two \u201cgametes\u201d (diploid \u201cmaternal\u201d and haploid \u201cpaternal\u201d) followed by digynic-like reconstitution of a triploid stemline that returns to mitotic cycling. This process ensures tumor survival and growth by (1) DNA repair and genetic variation, (2) protection against recessive lethal mutations using the third genome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10070551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T02:55:37Z","timestamp":1563764137000},"page":"551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["When Three Isn\u2019t a Crowd: A Digyny Concept for Treatment-Resistant, Near-Triploid Human Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kristine","family":"Salmina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogdan I.","family":"Gerashchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9430-1987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Hausmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ninel M.","family":"Vainshelbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Zayakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juris","family":"Erenpreiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Clinic IVF-Riga, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talivaldis","family":"Freivalds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Cragg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2870-7775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jekaterina","family":"Erenpreisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Erenpreiss, J. 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