{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:59:11Z","timestamp":1784127551319,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006507","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Inova Fiocruz\/VPPCB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Inova Fiocruz\/VPPCB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["425347\/2018-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["425347\/2018-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["302622\/2017-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302622\/2017-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNE-E26-202.569\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNE-E26-202.569\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PASTEUR - FIOCRUZ - USP","award":["PASTEUR - FIOCRUZ - USP PROGRAM (2018)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PASTEUR - FIOCRUZ - USP PROGRAM (2018)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003762","name":"Institut Pasteur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Seeding grant from the Institut Pasteur International Department to the LeiSHield Consortium"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Seeding grant from the Institut Pasteur International Department to the LeiSHield Consortium"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI077896-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI077896-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI105749-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI105749-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathogen fitness landscapes change when transmission cycles establish in non-native environments or spill over into new vectors and hosts. The introduction of Leishmania infantum in the Americas into the Neotropics during European colonization represents a unique case study to investigate the mechanisms of ecological adaptation of this important parasite. Defining the evolutionary trajectories that drive L. infantum fitness in this new environment are of great public health importance as they will allow unique insight into pathways of host\/pathogen co-evolution and their consequences for region-specific changes in disease manifestation. This review summarizes current knowledge on L. infantum genetic and phenotypic diversity in the Americas and its possible role in the unique epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World. We highlight the importance of appreciating adaptive molecular mechanisms in L. infantum to understand the parasite\u2019s successful establishment on the continent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:23:12Z","timestamp":1577071392000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Trans-Atlantic Spillover: Deconstructing the Ecological Adaptation of Leishmania infantum in the Americas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2903-6280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana C.","family":"Boit\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Research on Leishmaniasis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald F.","family":"Sp\u00e4th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology and Signaling, Institut Pasteur, INSERN U1201, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Bussotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology and Signaling, Institut Pasteur, INSERN U1201, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur-Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub-C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Porrozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Research on Leishmaniasis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7188-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda N.","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Research on Leishmaniasis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Llewellyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health &amp; Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G128QQ Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Schwabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health &amp; Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G128QQ Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Cupolillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Research on Leishmaniasis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.04.001","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships of Leishmania species based on trypanosomatid barcode (SSU rDNA) and gGAPDH genes: Taxonomic revision of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in South America","volume":"25","author":"Marcili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx019","article-title":"What pre-Columbian mummies could teach us about South American leishmaniasis?","volume":"75","author":"Sereno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762006000500017","article-title":"Further thoughts on the use of the name Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi for the aetiological agent of American visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"101","author":"Shaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.04.004","article-title":"Guns, germs and dogs: On the origin of Leishmania chagasi","volume":"11","author":"Leblois","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761987000300022","article-title":"Leishmania infantum, the aetiological agent of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL)?","volume":"82","author":"Momen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01637-9","article-title":"The Strange Case of Leishmania chagasi","volume":"16","author":"Mauricio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.11.020","article-title":"Glycoprotein 63 (gp63) genes show gene conversion and reveal the evolution of Old World Leishmania","volume":"37","author":"Mauricio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhls, K., Alam, M.Z., Cupolillo, E., Ferreira, G.E.M., Mauricio, I.L., Oddone, R., Feliciangeli, M.D., Wirth, T., Miles, M.A., and Sch\u00f6nian, G. (2011). Comparative Microsatellite Typing of New World Leishmania infantum Reveals Low Heterogeneity among Populations and Its Recent Old World Origin. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001155"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.08.007","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis in the Old and New Worlds: unveiled similarities and differences","volume":"28","author":"Baneth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20540","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.30.20540","article-title":"The role of indigenous phlebotomine sandflies and mammals in the spreading of leishmaniasis agents in the Mediterranean region","volume":"18","author":"Antoniou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20546","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.30.20546","article-title":"Re-emergence of leishmaniasis in Spain: community outbreak in Madrid, Spain, 2009 to 2012","volume":"18","author":"Arce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvar, J., Velez, I.D., Bern, C., Herrero, M., Desjeux, P., Cano, J., Jannin, J., and Boer, M.D. (2012). Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence. PLOS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2019, September 06). Manual on Case Management and Surveillance of the Leishmaniases in the WHO European Region (2017) 20 June 2018. Available online: http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/publications\/abstracts\/manual-on-case-management-and-surveillance-of-the-leishmaniases-in-the-who-european-region-2017."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhoundi, M., Kuhls, K., Cannet, A., Vot\u00fdpka, J., Marty, P., Delaunay, P., and Sereno, D. (2016). A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004349"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160463","article-title":"The current status of the Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) species complex","volume":"112","author":"Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00690.x","article-title":"Emergence of Zoonotic Canine Leishmaniasis in the United States: Isolation and Immunohistochemical Detection of Leishmania infantum from Foxhounds from Virginia","volume":"50","author":"Rosypal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(03)00030-5","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis and its emergence in the United States","volume":"33","author":"Rosypal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vete Clin. N. A. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2008001200024","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: Trends and challenges","volume":"24","author":"Alves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cadernos Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2008001200028","article-title":"Forum: geographic spread and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Postscript: New challenges in the epidemiology of Leishmania chagasi infection","volume":"24","author":"Nascimento","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cadernos de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Lima, \u00c1.L., de Lima, I.D., Coutinho, J.F., de Sousa, \u00da.P., Rodrigues, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Pearson, R.D., Queiroz, J.W., and Jer\u00f4nimo, S.M. (2019, October 14). Changing Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil: A 25-Year Follow-Up of an Urban Outbreak. -PubMed -NCBI, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29394411."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89101990000500003","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis epidemic in the State of Piau\u00ed, Brazil, 1980\u20131986","volume":"24","author":"Costa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Revista Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90393-X","article-title":"An urban outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in Natal, Brazil","volume":"88","author":"Jeronimo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, I.D., Lima, A.L.M., Mendes-Aguiar, C.D.O., Coutinho, J.F.V., Wilson, M.E., Pearson, R.D., Queiroz, J.W., and Jeronimo, S.M.B. (2018). Changing demographics of visceral leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil: Lessons for the future. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006164"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652015000500016","article-title":"First report of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"57","author":"Lyra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"23","article-title":"Leishmania infantum AS A Causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of mato grosso do sul, Brazil","volume":"58","author":"Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista Instituto Medicina Tropical S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60202-X","article-title":"Successes and failures in the control of infectious diseases in Brazil: social and environmental context, policies, interventions, and research needs","volume":"377","author":"Barreto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasquali, A.K.S., Baggio, R.A., Boeger, W.A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Britez, N., Guedes, D.C., Chaves, E.C., and Thomaz-Soccol, V. (2019). Dispersion of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in central-southern Brazil: Evidence from an integrative approach. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007639"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000100006","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Leishmania infantum field populations from Brazil","volume":"107","author":"Segatto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2004.11.013","article-title":"Leishmania chagasi\/infantum: further investigations on Leishmania tropisms in atypical cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis foci in Central America","volume":"109","author":"Ponce","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1996.4133","article-title":"Leishmania chagasi: Genotypically Similar Parasites from Honduras Cause both Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Humans","volume":"85","author":"Noyes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90734-7","article-title":"Leishmania donovani chagasi: new clinical variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras","volume":"337","author":"Ponce","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813159","article-title":"HIV\/Leishmania co-infections in Portugal: diagnosis and isoenzyme characterization of Leishmania","volume":"91","author":"Campino","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.75","article-title":"Epidemiologic surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis in Sicily, Italy","volume":"57","author":"Cascio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813199","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Malta and the Mediterranean Basin","volume":"91","author":"Fenech","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1997042181","article-title":"Epidemiology of human visceral leishmaniasis in Taounate, a northern province of Morocco","volume":"4","author":"Hamdani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000058996","article-title":"Study on genetic polymorphism of Leishmania infantum through the analysis of restriction enzyme digestion patterns of kinetoplast DNA","volume":"99","author":"Angelici","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90323-9","article-title":"Comparison between leishmanins","volume":"88","author":"Gramiccia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, G.E.M., Dos Santos, B.N., Dorval, M.E.C., Ramos, T.P.B., Porrozzi, R., Peixoto, A.A., and Cupolillo, E. (2012). The Genetic Structure of Leishmania infantum Populations in Brazil and Its Possible Association with the Transmission Cycle of Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036242"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01393-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01393-17","article-title":"Gene Expression in Leishmania Is Regulated Predominantly by Gene Dosage","volume":"8","author":"Iantorno","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45538-9","article-title":"Major changes in chromosomal somy, gene expression and gene dosage driven by SbIII in Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania panamensis","volume":"9","author":"Patino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.122945.111","article-title":"Chromosome and gene copy number variation allow major structural change between species and strains of Leishmania","volume":"21","author":"Rogers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01534.x","article-title":"FISH analysis reveals aneuploidy and continual generation of chromosomal mosaicism in Leishmania major","volume":"13","author":"Sterkers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0361-x","article-title":"Haplotype selection as an adaptive mechanism in the protozoan pathogen Leishmania donovani","volume":"1","author":"Barja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00599-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00599-17","article-title":"Modulation of Aneuploidy in Leishmania donovani during Adaptation to Different In Vitro and In Vivo Environments and Its Impact on Gene Expression","volume":"8","author":"Dumetz","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01399-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01399-18","article-title":"Leishmania Genome Dynamics during Environmental Adaptation Reveal Strain-Specific Differences in Gene Copy Number Variation, Karyotype Instability, and Telomeric Amplification","volume":"9","author":"Bussotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zackay, A., Cotton, J.A., Sanders, M., Hailu, A., Nasereddin, A., Warburg, A., and Jaffe, C.L. (2018). Genome wide comparison of Ethiopian Leishmania donovani strains reveals differences potentially related to parasite survival. PLoS Genet., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007133"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.04.031","article-title":"Spatial distribution and population genetics of Leishmania infantum genotypes in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil, employing multilocus microsatellite typing directly in dog infected tissues","volume":"18","author":"Motoie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"178","article-title":"Vector Competence of Lutzomyia cruzi Naturally Demonstrated for Leishmania infantum and Suspected for Leishmania amazonensis","volume":"96","author":"Oshiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9249217","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9249217","article-title":"Leishmania infantumGenetic Diversity andLutzomyia longipalpisMitochondrial Haplotypes in Brazil","volume":"2016","author":"Ribolla","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190184","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760190184","article-title":"Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) Argentina-Bolivia border: new report and genetic diversity","volume":"114","author":"Quintana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casaril, A.E., Alonso, D.P., Franco, K.G., Alvarez, M.V.N., Barrios, S.P.G., Fernandes, W.D.S., Infran, J.D.O.M., Rodrigues, A.C.M., Ribolla, P.E.M., and De Oliveira, A.G. (2019). Macrogeographic genetic structure of Lutzomyia longipalpis complex populations using Next Generation Sequencing. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223277"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7140","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.12.7140-7146.2004","article-title":"Characterization of a Defensin from the Sand Fly Phlebotomus duboscqi Induced by Challenge with Bacteria or the Protozoan Parasite Leishmania major","volume":"72","author":"Boulanger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-12","article-title":"Bacterial feeding, Leishmania infection and distinct infection routes induce differential defensin expression in Lutzomyia longipalpis","volume":"6","author":"Telleria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-276","article-title":"Leishmania development in sand flies: parasite-vector interactions overview","volume":"5","author":"Dostalova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1999.1531","article-title":"Characterization of the Glucosyltransferases That Assemble the Side Chains of the Indian Leishmania donovani Lipophosphoglycan","volume":"372","author":"Mahoney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9813","DOI":"10.1021\/bi990741g","article-title":"Intra-Species and Stage-Specific Polymorphisms in Lipophosphoglycan Structure ControlLeishmania donovani\u2212Sand Fly Interactions\u2020","volume":"38","author":"Mahoney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courtenay, O., Peters, N.C., Rogers, M.E., and Bern, C. (2017). Combining epidemiology with basic biology of sand flies, parasites, and hosts to inform leishmaniasis transmission dynamics and control. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006571"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.05.006","article-title":"Importance of Lutzomyia longipalpis in the dynamics of transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the endemic area of Porteirinha Municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil","volume":"131","author":"Barata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veter Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0323-8","article-title":"Quantifying Leishmania Metacyclic Promastigotes from Individual Sandfly Bites Reveals the Efficiency of Vector Transmission","volume":"2","author":"Giraud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Boil."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.04.004","article-title":"Comparative analyses of whole genome sequences of Leishmania infantum isolates from humans and dogs in northeastern Brazil","volume":"47","author":"Teixeira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.09.029","article-title":"A Leishmania infantum genetic marker associated with miltefosine treatment failure for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"36","author":"Carnielli","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0949","article-title":"Natural Resistance of Leishmania infantum to Miltefosine Contributes to the Low Efficacy in the Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"101","author":"Carnielli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3323-0","article-title":"Use of miltefosine to treat canine visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Nogueira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.10.016","article-title":"New insights with miltefosine unresponsiveness in Brazilian Leishmania infantum isolates","volume":"37","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"19505","article-title":"Leishmaniasis emergence in Europe","volume":"15","author":"Ready","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euro Surveill. Bull. Eur. Sur Mal. Transm. Eur. Commun. Dis. Bull."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/1\/4\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:43:35Z","timestamp":1760190215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/1\/4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["genes11010004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes11010004","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201911.0337.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]}}}