{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:38:29Z","timestamp":1790069909111,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]],"date-time":"2020-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-CE11-0016-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-CE11-0016-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002915","name":"Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PhD allocation (2017-2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD allocation (2017-2020)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LABEX TULIP","award":["ANR-10-LABX-41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-41"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomphalaria glabrata is a freshwater Planorbidae snail. In its environment, this mollusk faces numerous microorganisms or pathogens, and has developed sophisticated innate immune mechanisms to survive. The mechanisms of recognition are quite well understood in Biomphalaria glabrata, but immune effectors have been seldom described. In this study, we analyzed a new family of potential immune effectors and characterized five new genes that were named Glabralysins. The five Glabralysin genes showed different genomic structures and the high degree of amino acid identity between the Glabralysins, and the presence of the conserved ETX\/MTX2 domain, support the hypothesis that they are pore-forming toxins. In addition, tertiary structure prediction confirms that they are structurally related to a subset of Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis, including Cry23, Cry45, and Cry51. Finally, we investigated their gene expression profiles in snail tissues and demonstrated a mosaic transcription. We highlight the specificity in Glabralysin expression following immune stimulation with bacteria, yeast or trematode parasites. Interestingly, one Glabralysin was found to be expressed in immune-specialized hemocytes, and two others were induced following parasite exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11010065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T03:59:57Z","timestamp":1578455997000},"page":"65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Glabralysins, Potential New \u03b2-Pore-Forming Toxin Family Members from the Schistosomiasis Vector Snail Biomphalaria glabrata"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5315-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"Lassalle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3360-4786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Tetreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9541-3611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvain","family":"Pinaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4180-9303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Galinier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Crickmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2097-2563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Gourbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Duval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1051\/jbio\/2000194010019","article-title":"Selective pressure in host-parasite systems","volume":"194","author":"Combes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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