{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:06:31Z","timestamp":1778864791260,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants are fetuses that have not reached their genetically programmed growth potential. Low birth weight predisposes these infants to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular, metabolic and neurodevelopmental conditions in later life. However, our understanding of how this pathology occurs is currently incomplete. Previous research has focused on understanding the transcriptome, epigenome and bacterial signatures separately. However, we hypothesise that interactions between moderators of gene expression are critical to understanding fetal growth restriction. Through a review of the current literature, we identify that there is evidence of modulated expression\/methylation of the placental genome and the presence of bacterial DNA in the placental tissue of SGA infants. We also identify that despite limited evidence of the interactions between the above results, there are promising suggestions of a relationship between bacterial signatures and placental function. This review aims to summarise the current literature concerning fetal growth from multiple avenues and propose a novel relationship between the placental transcriptome, methylome and bacterial signature that, if characterised, may be able to improve our current understanding of the placental response to stress and the aetiology of growth restriction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11010080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T10:20:29Z","timestamp":1578651629000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Modulation of Placental Gene Expression in Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"O\u2019Callaghan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4892-6748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicki L.","family":"Clifton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6587-8875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Prentis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Ewing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5393-7142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvette D.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elise S.","family":"Pelzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a023044","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a023044","article-title":"The Human Placental Methylome","volume":"5","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect. 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