{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:24:54Z","timestamp":1763457894411,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["476146\/2013-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["476146\/2013-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scrotal hernias (SH) are common congenital defects in commercial pigs, characterized by the presence of abdominal contents in the scrotal sac, leading to considerable production and animal welfare losses. Since the etiology of SH remains obscure, we aimed to identify the biological and genetic mechanisms involved in its occurrence through the whole transcriptome analysis of SH affected and unaffected pigs\u2019 inguinal rings. From the 22,452 genes annotated in the pig reference genome, 13,498 were expressed in the inguinal canal tissue. Of those, 703 genes were differentially expressed (DE, FDR &lt; 0.05) between the two groups analyzed being, respectively, 209 genes upregulated and 494 downregulated in the SH-affected group. Thirty-seven significantly overrepresented GO terms related to SH were enriched, and the most relevant biological processes were muscular system, cell differentiation, sarcome reorganization, and myofibril assembly. The calcium signaling, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and cardiac muscle contraction were the major pathways possibly involved in the occurrence of the scrotal hernias. The expression profile of the DE genes was associated with the reduction of smooth muscle differentiation, followed by low calcium content in the cell, which could lead to a decreased apoptosis ratio and diminished muscle contraction of the inguinal canal region. We have demonstrated that genes involved with musculature are closely linked to the physiological imbalance predisposing to scrotal hernia. According to our study, the genes MYBPC1, BOK, SLC25A4, SLC8A3, DES, TPM2, MAP1CL3C, and FGF1 were considered strong candidates for future evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11020117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T11:01:00Z","timestamp":1579863660000},"page":"117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Inguinal Ring RNA Sequencing Reveals Downregulation of Muscular Genes Related to Scrotal Hernia in Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Gabrieli de Souza","family":"Romano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500-Ondina, Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0626-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana Mercia Guaratini","family":"Ibelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Su\u00ednos e Aves, Conc\u00f3rdia, Rodovia BR-153, Km 110, Distrito de Tamandu\u00e1, 321, Santa Catarina 89715-899, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Alameda \u00c9lio Antonio Dalla Vecchia, 838-Vila Carli, Guarapuava 85040-167, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William Raphael","family":"Lorenzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Zootecnia, UDESC-Oeste, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin 680E-Bairro Santo Ant\u00f4nio, Chapec\u00f3 89815-630, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRF SA, Curitiba, PR. Present address: Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Rodovia RS-135, KM 25-Distrito Eng. Luiz, Sert\u00e3o 99170-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0644-3684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane de Oliveira","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Su\u00ednos e Aves, Conc\u00f3rdia, Rodovia BR-153, Km 110, Distrito de Tamandu\u00e1, 321, Santa Catarina 89715-899, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Alameda \u00c9lio Antonio Dalla Vecchia, 838-Vila Carli, Guarapuava 85040-167, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauricio Eg\u00eddio","family":"Cant\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Su\u00ednos e Aves, Conc\u00f3rdia, Rodovia BR-153, Km 110, Distrito de Tamandu\u00e1, 321, Santa Catarina 89715-899, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos Ant\u00f4nio Zanella","family":"Mores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Su\u00ednos e Aves, Conc\u00f3rdia, Rodovia BR-153, Km 110, Distrito de Tamandu\u00e1, 321, Santa Catarina 89715-899, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Mor\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Su\u00ednos e Aves, Conc\u00f3rdia, Rodovia BR-153, Km 110, Distrito de Tamandu\u00e1, 321, Santa Catarina 89715-899, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8966-2227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Breno","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zootecnia, Setor de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Av. General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748-Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiz Lehmann","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, ESALQ\/USP, Av. P\u00e1dua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2645-4735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f4nica Corr\u00eaa","family":"Ledur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Su\u00ednos e Aves, Conc\u00f3rdia, Rodovia BR-153, Km 110, Distrito de Tamandu\u00e1, 321, Santa Catarina 89715-899, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Zootecnia, UDESC-Oeste, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin 680E-Bairro Santo Ant\u00f4nio, Chapec\u00f3 89815-630, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derner, J.D., Hunt, L., Filho, K.E., Ritten, J., Capper, J., and Han, G. (2017). Livestock Production Systems, Springer.","key":"ref_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46709-2_10"},{"unstructured":"Mattsson, P. (2011). 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