{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:37:46Z","timestamp":1789133866045,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101893\/Z\/13\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101893\/Z\/13\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growing insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is threatening the effectiveness of insecticide-based interventions, including Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs). However, the impact of metabolic resistance on the effectiveness of these tools remains poorly characterized. Using experimental hut trials and genotyping of a glutathione S-transferase resistance marker (L119F-GSTe2), we established that GST-mediated resistance is reducing the efficacy of LLINs against Anopheles funestus. Hut trials performed in Cameroon revealed that Piperonyl butoxide (PBO)-based nets induced a significantly higher mortality against pyrethroid resistant An. funestus than pyrethroid-only nets. Blood feeding rate and deterrence were significantly higher in all LLINs than control. Genotyping the L119F-GSTe2 mutation revealed that, for permethrin-based nets, 119F-GSTe2 resistant mosquitoes have a greater ability to blood feed than susceptible while the opposite effect is observed for deltamethrin-based nets. For Olyset Plus, a significant association with exophily was observed in resistant mosquitoes (OR = 11.7; p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, GSTe2-resistant mosquitoes (cone assays) significantly survived with PermaNet 2.0 (OR = 2.1; p &lt; 0.01) and PermaNet 3.0 (side) (OR = 30.1; p &lt; 0.001) but not for Olyset Plus. This study shows that the efficacy of PBO-based nets (e.g., blood feeding inhibition) against pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors could be impacted by other mechanisms including GST-mediated metabolic resistance not affected by the synergistic action of PBO. Mosaic LLINs incorporating a GST inhibitor (diethyl maleate) could help improve their efficacy in areas of GST-mediated resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11020143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1580295067000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["An Experimental Hut Evaluation of PBO-Based and Pyrethroid-Only Nets against the Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus Reveals a Loss of Bed Nets Efficacy Associated with GSTe2 Metabolic Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Menze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaound\u00e9 13591, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mersimine F.","family":"Kouamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaound\u00e9 13591, Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Yaound\u00e9 337, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murielle J.","family":"Wondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaound\u00e9 13591, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Williams","family":"Tchapga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaound\u00e9 13591, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micareme","family":"Tchoupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaound\u00e9 13591, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0447-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael O.","family":"Kusimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaound\u00e9 13591, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6587-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chouaibou S.","family":"Mouhamadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches scientifiques (CSRS), Yopougon 1303, Abidjan, Cote d\u2019ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Riveron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syngenta UK Limited, CPC4 Capital Park, Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire CB21 5XE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0791-3673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles S.","family":"Wondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaound\u00e9 13591, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"526","author":"Bhatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30172-5","article-title":"Implications of insecticide resistance for malaria vector control with long-lasting insecticidal nets: A WHO-coordinated, prospective, international, observational cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Kleinschmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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