{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:19:33Z","timestamp":1790435973422,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]],"date-time":"2020-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methamphetamine (METH) is a widely abused psychostimulant with the potential to cause a broad range of severe cognitive deficits as well as neurobehavioral abnormalities when abused chronically, particularly at high doses. Cognitive deficits are related to METH neurotoxicity in the striatum and hippocampus. The activation of transposable Long INterspersed Nuclear Element 1 (LINE-1) is associated with several neurological diseases and drug abuse, but there are very limited data regarding the effects of high-dose METH on the activity of LINE-1 in the adult brain. Using real-time quantitative PCR, the present study demonstrates that the chronic administration of neurotoxic METH doses results in the increased expression of LINE-1-encoded Open Reading Frame 1 (ORF-1) in rat striatum shortly after the last dose of the drug and decreased ORF-1 expression during METH withdrawal, with dentate gyrus potentially developing \u201ctolerance\u201d to these METH effects. LINE-1 activation may be a new factor mediating the neurotoxic effects of chronic METH in the striatum and, therefore, a new drug target against METH-induced psychomotor impairments in chronic METH users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11040364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T05:52:30Z","timestamp":1585720350000},"page":"364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Differential Responses of LINE-1 in the Dentate Gyrus, Striatum and Prefrontal Cortex to Chronic Neurotoxic Methamphetamine: A Study in Rat Brain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9927-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Moszczynska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences\/College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalal, H., Buchanich, J.M., Roberts, M.S., Balmert, L.C., Zhang, K., and Burke, D.S. (2018). Changing dynamics of the drug overdose epidemic in the United States from 1979 through 2016. Science, 361.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau1184"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"NIDA (2018). Overdose Death Rates."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.276","article-title":"Is cognitive functioning impaired in methamphetamine users? A critical review","volume":"37","author":"Hart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"198","article-title":"Methamphetamine abuse and emergency department utilization","volume":"170","author":"Richards","year":"1999","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23263","article-title":"Incidence of Parkinson\u2019s disease among hospital patients with methamphetamine-use disorders","volume":"25","author":"Callaghan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.013","article-title":"Increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in individuals hospitalized with conditions related to the use of methamphetamine or other amphetamine-type drugs","volume":"120","author":"Callaghan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.02.019","article-title":"Adults with a history of illicit amphetamine use exhibit abnormal substantia nigra morphology and parkinsonism","volume":"25","author":"Todd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2010.11.004","article-title":"Stimulant abuse: Pharmacology, cocaine, methamphetamine, treatment, attempts at pharmacotherapy","volume":"38","author":"Ciccarone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.003","article-title":"Methamphetamine: An update on epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical phenomenology, and treatment literature","volume":"143","author":"Courtney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"133","article-title":"Methamphetamine\u2014Effects on human performance and behavior","volume":"14","author":"Logan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forensic. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.06.015","article-title":"Methamphetamine-associated difficulties in cognitive control allocation may normalize after prolonged abstinence","volume":"88","author":"Stock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2011.05.004","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse","volume":"29","author":"Rusyniak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.12.006","article-title":"Patterns of treatment utilization and methamphetamine use during first 10 years after methamphetamine initiation","volume":"44","author":"Brecht","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"UN Office on Drugs and Crime (2015). World Drug Report, UN Office on Drugs and Crime."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90198-6","article-title":"Dopamine nerve terminal degeneration produced by high doses of methylamphetamine in the rat brain","volume":"235","author":"Ricaurte","year":"1982","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0696-699","article-title":"Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users","volume":"2","author":"Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)91265-2","article-title":"Long-lasting depletions of striatal dopamine and loss of dopamine uptake sites following repeated administration of methamphetamine","volume":"181","author":"Wagner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"257","article-title":"Long-term effects of multiple doses of methamphetamine on tryptophan hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat brain","volume":"214","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00711-3","article-title":"Rat striatal levels of the antioxidant glutathione are decreased following binge administration of methamphetamine","volume":"255","author":"Moszczynska","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.377","article-title":"Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers","volume":"158","author":"Volkow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.07.020","article-title":"A single high dose of methamphetamine induces apoptotic and necrotic striatal cell loss lasting up to 3 months in mice","volume":"193","author":"Tulloch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2174\/157015911795017281","article-title":"Methamphetamine induces striatal cell death followed by the generation of new cells and a second round of cell death in mice","volume":"9","author":"Tulloch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.55.241","article-title":"The peroxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in methamphetamine-treated rat brain","volume":"55","author":"Tokunaga","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0295com","article-title":"Methamphetamine induces neuronal apoptosis via cross-talks between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-dependent death cascades","volume":"18","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-006-0087-9","article-title":"Immunohistochemical investigation of dopaminergic terminal markers and caspase-3 activation in the striatum of human methamphetamine users","volume":"121","author":"Kitamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beauvais, G., Atwell, K., Jayanthi, S., Ladenheim, B., and Cadet, J.L. (2011). Involvement of dopamine receptors in binge methamphetamine-induced activation of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress pathways. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028946"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.04.010","article-title":"Varied access to intravenous methamphetamine self-administration differentially alters adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"64","author":"Mandyam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6028","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0713-04.2004","article-title":"Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine","volume":"24","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(01)00184-X","article-title":"Methamphetamine causes widespread apoptosis in the mouse brain: Evidence from using an improved TUNEL histochemical method","volume":"93","author":"Deng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-010-9512-1","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine on rat hippocampus pyramidal neurons","volume":"30","author":"Hori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050012","article-title":"Adult treatment with methamphetamine transiently decreases dentate granule cell proliferation in the gerbil hippocampus","volume":"107","author":"Dawirs","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06759.x","article-title":"Suppression of hippocampal cell proliferation by short-term stimulant drug administration in adult rats","volume":"29","author":"Kochman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.05.023","article-title":"Escalating dose-multiple binge methamphetamine exposure results in degeneration of the neocortex and limbic system in the rat","volume":"207","author":"Kuczenski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thanos, P.K., Kim, R., Delis, F., Ananth, M., Chachati, G., Rocco, M.J., Masad, I., Muniz, J.A., Grant, S.C., and Gold, M.S. (2016). Chronic methamphetamine effects on brain structure and function in rats. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155457"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.315","article-title":"Levels of neural progenitors in the hippocampus predict memory impairment and relapse to drug seeking as a function of excessive methamphetamine self-administration","volume":"37","author":"Recinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10210","article-title":"Neurotoxic methamphetamine regimen severely impairs recognition memory in rats","volume":"49","author":"Schroder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.58.6.1247","article-title":"Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity is attenuated in transgenic mice with a null mutation for interleukin-6","volume":"58","author":"Ladenheim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-007-9031-0","article-title":"Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine: A critical review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Scott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015483108","article-title":"Cocaine dynamically regulates heterochromatin and repetitive element unsilencing in nucleus accumbens","volume":"108","author":"Maze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3136-11.2012","article-title":"Gene coexpression networks in human brain identify epigenetic modifications in alcohol dependence","volume":"32","author":"Ponomarev","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.114.091728","article-title":"Morphine induces redox-based changes in global DNA methylation and retrotransposon transcription by inhibition of excitatory amino acid transporter type 3-mediated cysteine uptake","volume":"85","author":"Trivedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-082509-141802","article-title":"LINE-1 elements in structural variation and disease","volume":"12","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.2741\/4666","article-title":"LINE-1 activity and regulation in cancer","volume":"23","author":"Rodic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01244","article-title":"Aberrantly High Levels of Somatic LINE-1 Expression and Retrotransposition in Human Neurological Disorders","volume":"10","author":"Terry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14356","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14356","article-title":"Neurotoxic methamphetamine doses increase LINE-1 expression in the neurogenic zones of the adult rat brain","volume":"5","author":"Moszczynska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-011-1289-0","article-title":"LINE-1 retrotransposition in human neuroblastoma cells is affected by oxidative stress","volume":"346","author":"Giorgi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.116.238501","article-title":"Molecular, behavioral, and physiological consequences of methamphetamine neurotoxicity: Implications for treatment","volume":"362","author":"Moszczynska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/35057062","article-title":"Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome","volume":"409","author":"Lander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02426","article-title":"Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution","volume":"428","author":"Gibbs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3730","article-title":"Mobile DNA elements in the generation of diversity and complexity in the brain","volume":"15","author":"Erwin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"45621","article-title":"The ORF1 protein encoded by LINE-1: Structure and function during L1 retrotransposition","volume":"2006","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00332-07","article-title":"LINE-1 ORF1 protein localizes in stress granules with other RNA-binding proteins, including components of RNA interference RNA-induced silencing complex","volume":"27","author":"Goodier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809592","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1809592","article-title":"Relationships between stress granules, oxidative stress, and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"2017","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2008.04.013","article-title":"L1 mobile element expression causes multiple types of toxicity","volume":"419","author":"Wallace","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3644","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.907328","article-title":"A possible role for long interspersed nuclear elements-1 (LINE-1) in huntington\u2019s disease progression","volume":"24","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(96)00856-6","article-title":"Identification of critical CpG sites for repression of L1 transcription by DNA methylation","volume":"189","author":"Hata","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9233","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.19.9233","article-title":"The left end of rat L1 (L1Rn, long interspersed repeated) DNA which is a CpG island can function as a promoter","volume":"16","author":"Nur","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5899","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf592","article-title":"Human L1 element target-primed reverse transcription in vitro","volume":"21","author":"Cost","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilkenny, C., Browne, W.J., Cuthill, I.C., Emerson, M., and Altman, D.G. (2010). Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90952-X","article-title":"Long-term effects of repeated methylamphetamine administration on dopamine and serotonin neurons in the rat brain: A regional study","volume":"193","author":"Ricaurte","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.67.241","article-title":"Neurotoxic morphological changes induced in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats behaviorally sensitized to methamphetamine","volume":"67","author":"Kadota","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Histol. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2004.06.003","article-title":"The neurotoxic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine on serotonin, dopamine, and GABA-ergic terminals: An in-vitro autoradiographic study in rats","volume":"25","author":"Armstrong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2016.06.002","article-title":"Necroptosis contributes to methamphetamine-induced cytotoxicity in rat cortical neurons","volume":"35","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitro"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.12.488","article-title":"Olanzapine and risperidone block a high dose of methamphetamine-induced schizophrenia-like behavioral abnormalities and accompanied apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"101","author":"Abekawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00203","article-title":"Nupr1 modulates methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis and autophagy through CHOP-Trib3-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaudin de The, F.X., Rekaik, H., Peze-Heidsieck, E., Massiani-Beaudoin, O., Joshi, R.L., Fuchs, J., and Prochiantz, A. (2018). Engrailed homeoprotein blocks degeneration in adult dopaminergic neurons through LINE-1 repression. EMBO J., 37.","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201797374"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb16610.x","article-title":"Low environmental temperatures or pharmacologic agents that produce hyperthermia decrease methamphetamine neurotoxicity in mice","volume":"765","author":"Ali","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.09.009","article-title":"Simvastatin enhances the hippocampal klotho in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced cognitive decline","volume":"72","author":"Adeli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terasaki, N., Goodier, J.L., Cheung, L.E., Wang, Y.J., Kajikawa, M., Kazazian, H.H., and Okada, N. (2013). In Vitro screening for compounds that enhance human L1 mobilization. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074629"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21148","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.465856","article-title":"The MOV10 helicase inhibits LINE-1 mobility","volume":"288","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.04.026","article-title":"Apoptosis triggers specific, rapid, and global mrna decay with 3\u2019 uridylated intermediates degraded by DIS3L2","volume":"11","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.022","article-title":"Uridylation by TUT4\/7 restricts retrotransposition of human LINE-1s","volume":"174","author":"Warkocki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okudaira, N., Ishizaka, Y., and Nishio, H. (2014). Retrotransposition of long interspersed element 1 induced by methamphetamine or cocaine. J. Biol. Chem.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.559419"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3650","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.129","article-title":"Epigenomic alterations and gene expression profiles in respiratory epithelia exposed to cigarette smoke condensate","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00678","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.678","article-title":"Reading LINEs within the cocaine addicted brain","volume":"7","author":"Doyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2018.02.005","article-title":"Genome-wide hypomethylation of LINE-1 and Alu retroelements in cell-free DNA of blood is an epigenetic biomarker of human aging","volume":"25","author":"Erichsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.02.034","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress and inducible nitric oxide synthase in morphine-induced tolerance and dependence in mice. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid","volume":"247","author":"Mostafa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2016.09.004","article-title":"Eucalyptol attenuates cigarette smoke-induced acute lung inflammation and oxidative stress in the mouse","volume":"41","author":"Okuro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00251.2005","article-title":"Inhibition of LINE-1 expression in the heart decreases ischemic damage by activation of Akt\/PKB signaling","volume":"25","author":"Lucchinetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.80","article-title":"The role of Akt signaling in oxidative stress mediates NF-kappaB activation in mild transient focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2018.02.002","article-title":"The epigenetic alterations of endogenous retroelements in aging","volume":"174","author":"Cardelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2003.09.063","article-title":"The role of hyperthermia and metabolism as mechanisms of tolerance to methamphetamine neurotoxicity","volume":"482","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00587-0","article-title":"Methamphetamines pretreatment and the vulnerability of the striatum to methamphetamine neurotoxicity","volume":"72","author":"Stephans","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doucet, A.J., Hulme, A.E., Sahinovic, E., Kulpa, D.A., Moldovan, J.B., Kopera, H.C., Athanikar, J.N., Hasnaoui, M., Bucheton, A., and Moran, J.V. (2010). Characterization of LINE-1 ribonucleoprotein particles. PLoS Genet., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001150"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"769","article-title":"Nod-like receptor protein 3 and nod-like receptor protein 1 inflammasome activation in the hippocampal region of postmortem methamphetamine chronic user","volume":"120","author":"Mahmoudiasl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.1\/shaber","article-title":"Corticostriatal circuitry","volume":"18","author":"Haber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dialog. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)63004-0","article-title":"Extrinsic afferent systems to the dentate gyrus","volume":"163","author":"Leranth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.11.005","article-title":"Optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic neuronal activity in the striatum enhances neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of normal and stroke mice","volume":"98","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90713-J","article-title":"Methamphetamine neurotoxicity and striatal glutamate release: Comparison to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine","volume":"581","author":"Nash","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.12.002","article-title":"Effects of chronic unpredictable stress and methamphetamine on hippocampal glutamate function","volume":"1135","author":"Raudensky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00549.x","article-title":"Parallel increases in lipid and protein oxidative markers in several mouse brain regions after methamphetamine treatment","volume":"79","author":"Gluck","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1385\/NMM:2:1:71","article-title":"Methamphetamine-induced TNF-alpha gene expression and activation of AP-1 in discrete regions of mouse brain: Potential role of reactive oxygen intermediates and lipid peroxidation","volume":"2","author":"Flora","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuromol. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.02.015","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y promotes neurogenesis and protection against methamphetamine-induced toxicity in mouse dentate gyrus-derived neurosphere cultures","volume":"62","author":"Baptista","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08232.x","article-title":"Protective role of neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptors in cell death and microglial response following methamphetamine injury","volume":"36","author":"Goncalves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890170310","article-title":"Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: Roles for glutamate and dopamine efflux","volume":"17","author":"Stephans","year":"1994","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2012.00899.x","article-title":"Changes in the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3 in rat brain after exposure to methamphetamine","volume":"111","author":"Kerdsan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327114555929","article-title":"Expression of dopamine transporter in the different cerebral regions of methamphetamine-dependent rats","volume":"34","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0013-07.2007","article-title":"Dynamic changes in vesicular glutamate transporter 1 function and expression related to methamphetamine-induced glutamate release","volume":"27","author":"Mark","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10466","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3001-04.2004","article-title":"Increased expression of the Drosophila vesicular glutamate transporter leads to excess glutamate release and a compensatory decrease in quantal content","volume":"24","author":"Daniels","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolozin, B., and Ivanov, P. (2019). Stress granules and neurodegeneration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0222-5"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.06.032","article-title":"Trex1 prevents cell-intrinsic initiation of autoimmunity","volume":"134","author":"Stetson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.07.009","article-title":"Modeling of TREX1-Dependent Autoimmune Disease using Human Stem Cells Highlights L1 Accumulation as a Source of Neuroinflammation","volume":"21","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13307","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02257-13","article-title":"LINE-1 retrotransposable element DNA accumulates in HIV-1-infected cells","volume":"87","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13100-018-0128-1","article-title":"L1 retrotransposition in the soma: A field jumping ahead","volume":"9","author":"Faulkner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mob. DNA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.22402","article-title":"Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) show tissue-specific, mosaic genome and methylation-unrestricted, widespread expression of noncoding RNAs in somatic tissues of the rat","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadet, J.L., Brannock, C., Krasnova, I.N., Jayanthi, S., Ladenheim, B., McCoy, M.T., Walther, D., Godino, A., Pirooznia, M., and Lee, R.S. (2016). Genome-wide DNA hydroxymethylation identifies potassium channels in the nucleus accumbens as discriminators of methamphetamine addiction and abstinence. Mol. Psychiatry.","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.48"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2014.10.008","article-title":"Differential effects of binge methamphetamine injections on the mRNA expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the rat striatum","volume":"45","author":"Omonijo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2009.02.011","article-title":"Epigenetic control of mammalian LINE-1 retrotransposon by retinoblastoma proteins","volume":"665","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki223","article-title":"A potential role for RNA interference in controlling the activity of the human LINE-1 retrotransposon","volume":"33","author":"Soifer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12686","article-title":"Differential L1 regulation in pluripotent stem cells of humans and apes","volume":"503","author":"Marchetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2360","article-title":"Wnt-mediated activation of NeuroD1 and retro-elements during adult neurogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godino, A., Jayanthi, S., and Cadet, J.L. (2015). Epigenetic landscape of amphetamine and methamphetamine addiction in rodents. Epigenetics.","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2015.1055441"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.02.015","article-title":"Paranoid schizophrenia and methamphetamine-induced paranoia are both characterized by a similar LINE-1 partial methylation profile, which is more pronounced in paranoid schizophrenia","volume":"208","author":"Kalayasiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1371-7","article-title":"Methamphetamine (MA) use induces specific changes in LINE-1 partial methylation patterns, which are associated with MA-induced paranoia: A multivariate and neuronal network study","volume":"56","author":"Kalayasiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/4\/364\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:12:41Z","timestamp":1760173961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/4\/364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["genes11040364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes11040364","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]]}}}