{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:20:30Z","timestamp":1789435230882,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Frontline Research Excellence Program of the National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary","award":["KKP 126764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KKP 126764"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intensity of the merle pattern is determined by the length of the poly(A) tail of a repeat element which has been inserted into the boundary of intron 10 and exon 11 of the PMEL17 locus in reverse orientation. This poly(A) tail behaves as a microsatellite, and due to replication slippage, longer and shorter alleles of it might be generated during cell divisions. The length of the poly(A) tail regulates the splicing mechanism. In the case of shorter tails, the removal of intron 10 takes place at the original splicing, resulting in a normal premelanosome protein (PMEL). Longer tails generate larger insertions, forcing splicing to a cryptic splice site, thereby coding for an abnormal PMEL protein, which is unable to form the normal fibrillar matrix of the eumelanosomes. Thus, eumelanin deposition ensuring the dark color formation is reduced. In summary, the longer the poly(A) tail, the lighter the coat color intensity of the melanocytes. These mutations can occur in the somatic cells and the resulting cell clones will shape the merle pattern of the coat. When they take place in the germ line, they occasionally produce offspring with unexpected color variations which are different from those of their parents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11060660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T11:00:56Z","timestamp":1592478056000},"page":"660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Being Merle: The Molecular Genetic Background of the Canine Merle Mutation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Varga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, National Centre for Biodiversity and Gene Conservation, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X\u00e9nia","family":"L\u00e9n\u00e1rt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0650-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Zenke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Orb\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Hud\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, National Centre for Biodiversity and Gene Conservation, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00f3ra","family":"Ninausz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, National Centre for Biodiversity and Gene Conservation, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Pelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antal","family":"Sz\u0151ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13100-018-0131-6","article-title":"Length variations within the Merle retrotransposon of canine PMEL: Correlating genotype with phenotype","volume":"9","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mob. DNA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000491408","article-title":"The PMEL Gene and Merle in the Domestic Dog: A Continuum of Insertion Lengths Leads to a Spectrum of Coat Color Variations in Australian Shepherds and Related Breeds","volume":"156","author":"Ballif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytogenet. Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langevin, M., Synkova, H., Jancuskova, T., and Pekova, S. (2018). Merle phenotypes in dogs-SILV SINE insertions from Mc to Mh. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198536"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"121","article-title":"A rejtett cifra sz\u00edn molekul\u00e1ris genetikai m\u00f3dszerekkel val\u00f3 kimutat\u00e1sa mudi fajt\u00e1ban","volume":"140","author":"Pelles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magy. \u00c1llatorvosok Lapja"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2019.018","article-title":"Merle allele variations in the Mudi dog breed and their effects on phenotypes","volume":"67","author":"Pelles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506940103","article-title":"Retrotransposon insertion in SILV is responsible for merle patterning of the domestic dog","volume":"103","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gustafson, J.P., Tayler, J., and Stacey, G. (2008). Canine SINEs and Their Effects on Phenotypes of the Domestic Dog. Genomics of Disease, Springer Science+Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-76723-9"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a103997","article-title":"Dominant dilution and other color factors in Collie dogs","volume":"26","author":"Mitchell","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-031412-103659","article-title":"Genetics of pigmentation in dogs and cats","volume":"1","author":"Kaelin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedan, B., Corre, S., Hitte, C., Dreano, S., Vilboux, T., Derrien, T., Denis, B., Galibert, F., Galibert, M.D., and Andre, C. (2006). Coat colour in dogs: Identification of the merle locus in the Australian shepherd breed. BMC Vet. Res., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-2-9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2052.2000.00639.x","article-title":"Identification of a premature stop codon in the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gene (MC1R) in Labrador and Golden retrievers with yellow coat colour","volume":"31","author":"Everts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s003350010005","article-title":"Melanocortin 1 receptor variation in the domestic dog","volume":"11","author":"Newton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2007.01664.x","article-title":"Genes affecting coat colour and pattern in domestic dogs: A review","volume":"38","author":"Schmutz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Schmutz, S.M., and Dreger, D.L. (2014, January 17\u201322). Genetic Interactions Among Three Pigmentation Loci in Domestic Dogs. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147880","article-title":"A -defensin mutation causes black coat color in domestic dogs","volume":"318","author":"Candille","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12660","article-title":"Two MC1R loss-of-function alleles in cream-coloured Australian Cattle Dogs and white Huskies","volume":"49","author":"Durig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110079","article-title":"Inheritance of the harlequin color in Great Dane dogs","volume":"76","author":"Sponenberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2008.04.006","article-title":"Genome-wide linkage scan localizes the harlequin locus in the Great Dane to chromosome 9","volume":"418","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2011.01.003","article-title":"A missense mutation in the 20S proteasome beta2 subunit of Great Danes having harlequin coat patterning","volume":"97","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2005.00269.x","article-title":"The Silver locus product Pmel17\/gp100\/Silv\/ME20: Controversial in name and in function","volume":"18","author":"Theos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.12.11.3451","article-title":"Pmel17 initiates premelanosome morphogenesis within multivesicular bodies","volume":"12","author":"Berson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.20.9228","article-title":"A melanocyte-specific gene, Pmel 17, maps near the silver coat color locus on mouse chromosome 10 and is in a syntenic region on human chromosome 12","volume":"88","author":"Kwon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1007\/s003359901184","article-title":"The mouse silver locus encodes a single transcript truncated by the silver mutation","volume":"10","author":"Bennett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunberg, E., Andersson, L., Cothran, G., Sandberg, K., Mikko, S., and Lindgren, G. (2006). A missense mutation in PMEL17 is associated with the Silver coat color in the horse. BMC Genet., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-7-46"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.027995","article-title":"The Dominant white, Dun and Smoky color variants in chicken are associated with insertion\/deletion polymorphisms in the PMEL17 gene","volume":"168","author":"Kerje","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.91","article-title":"SINEs","volume":"2","author":"Kramerov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12067","article-title":"PMEL: A pigment cell-specific model for functional amyloid formation","volume":"26","author":"Watt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2258","article-title":"Melanosomes-dark organelles enlighten endosomal membrane transport","volume":"8","author":"Raposo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellstrom, A.R., Watt, B., Fard, S.S., Tenza, D., Mannstrom, P., Narfstrom, K., Ekesten, B., Ito, S., Wakamatsu, K., and Larsson, J. (2011). Inactivation of Pmel alters melanosome shape but has only a subtle effect on visible pigmentation. PLoS Genet., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002285"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2008.05.008","article-title":"Coat colour inheritance in horses","volume":"117","author":"Thiruvenkadan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(92)90654-8","article-title":"A highly repetitive DNA sequence possibly unique to canids","volume":"110","author":"Minnick","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3765505","article-title":"Short interspersed elements (SINEs) are a major source of canine genomic diversity","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086432","article-title":"The dog genome: Survey sequencing and comparative analysis","volume":"301","author":"Kirkness","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04338","article-title":"Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog","volume":"438","author":"Wade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aac7247","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac7247","article-title":"Retrotransposons as regulators of gene expression","volume":"351","author":"Elbarbary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2640","article-title":"The impact of retrotransposons on human genome evolution","volume":"10","author":"Cordaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1159\/000337117","article-title":"SINEs as driving forces in genome evolution","volume":"7","author":"Schmitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Dynomes"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2011.07.014","article-title":"Exonization of transposed elements: A challenge and opportunity for evolution","volume":"93","author":"Schmitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81965-0","article-title":"The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene","volume":"98","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2776","article-title":"Alternative splicing and evolution: Diversification, exon definition and function","volume":"11","author":"Keren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Downs, L.M., and Mellersh, C.S. (2014). An Intronic SINE insertion in FAM161A that causes exon-skipping is associated with progressive retinal atrophy in Tibetan Spaniels and Tibetan Terriers. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093990"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"397","article-title":"A Hypervariable Microsatellite Revealed by In Vitro Amplification of a Dinucleotide Repeat within the Cardiac Muscle Actin Gene","volume":"44","author":"Litt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6463","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/17.16.6463","article-title":"Hypervariability of simple sequences as a general source for polymorphic DNA markers","volume":"17","author":"Tautz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20470","article-title":"The rise, fall and renaissance of microsatellites in eukaryotic genomes","volume":"28","author":"Buschiazzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.122937.111","article-title":"A matter of life or death: How microsatellites emerge in and vanish from the human genome","volume":"21","author":"Kelkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6470","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.13.6470","article-title":"Microsatellite spreading in the human genome: Evolutionary mechanisms and structural implications","volume":"93","author":"Nadir","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R13","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2003-4-2-r13","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of microsatellite repeats in humans: Their abundance and density in specific genomic regions","volume":"4","author":"Subramanian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss251","article-title":"LINE-1-derived poly(A) microsatellites undergo rapid shortening and create somatic and germline mosaicism in mice","volume":"30","author":"Grandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korberg, I.B., Sundstrom, E., Meadows, J.R., Pielberg, G.R., Gustafson, U., Hedhammar, A., Karlsson, E.K., Seddon, J., Soderberg, A., and Vila, C. (2014). A simple repeat polymorphism in the MITF-M promoter is a key regulator of white spotting in dogs. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104363"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1348","article-title":"Microsatellites: Simple sequences with complex evolution","volume":"5","author":"Ellegren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esm017","article-title":"Elevated basal slippage mutation rates among the Canidae","volume":"98","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esr042","article-title":"A SINE Insertion Causes the Blackand-Tan and Saddle Tan Phenotypes in Domestic Dogs","volume":"102","author":"Dreger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137045","article-title":"A single IGF1 allele is a major determinant of small size in dogs","volume":"316","author":"Sutter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray, M.M., Sutter, N.B., Ostrander, E.A., and Wayne, R.K. (2010). The IGF1 small dog haplotype is derived from Middle Eastern grey wolves. BMC Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-16"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi151","article-title":"SINE exonic insertion in the PTPLA gene leads to multiple splicing defects and segregates with the autosomal recessive centronuclear myopathy in dogs","volume":"14","author":"Pele","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2012.02361.x","article-title":"Interaction of MC1R and PMEL alleles on solid coat colors in Highland cattle","volume":"44","author":"Schmutz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philipp, U., Hamann, H., Mecklenburg, L., Nishino, S., Mignot, E., Gunzel-Apel, A.R., Schmutz, S.M., and Leeb, T. (2005). Polymorphisms within the canine MLPH gene are associated with dilute coat color in dogs. BMC Genet., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-6-34"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esm021","article-title":"A noncoding melanophilin gene (MLPH) SNP at the splice donor of exon 1 represents a candidate causal mutation for coat color dilution in dogs","volume":"98","author":"Drogemuller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00845.x","article-title":"How are proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes regulated?","volume":"24","author":"Hirobe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05660","article-title":"Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation","volume":"445","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2011.00177.x","article-title":"Colours of domestication","volume":"86","author":"Cieslak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2007.10","article-title":"Efficient mapping of mendelian traits in dogs through genome-wide association","volume":"39","author":"Karlsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.41.110306.130301","article-title":"Mammalian meiotic recombination hot spots","volume":"41","author":"Arnheim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/6\/660\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:40:09Z","timestamp":1760175609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/6\/660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["genes11060660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes11060660","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]]}}}