{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:12:00Z","timestamp":1789863120045,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-03016S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-03016S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-05770S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-05770S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007543","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura, Univerzita Karlova","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["330119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["330119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004240","name":"Akademie V\u011bd \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RVO 68378050-KAV-NPUI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RVO 68378050-KAV-NPUI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003335","name":"Ministry of Education, Youth and Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LM2015062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM2015062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003335","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Operational Programme Prague Competitiveness","award":["CZ.2.16\/3.1.00\/21547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.2.16\/3.1.00\/21547"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wnt signaling plays an important role in the self-renewal, fate-commitment and survival of the neural stem\/progenitor cells (NS\/PCs) of the adult central nervous system (CNS). Ischemic stroke impairs the proper functioning of the CNS and, therefore, active Wnt signaling may prevent, ameliorate, or even reverse the negative effects of ischemic brain injury. In this review, we provide the current knowledge of Wnt signaling in the adult CNS, its status in diverse cell types, and the Wnt pathway\u2019s impact on the properties of NS\/PCs and glial cells in the context of ischemic injury. Finally, we summarize promising strategies that might be considered for stroke therapy, and we outline possible future directions of the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11070804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T06:38:55Z","timestamp":1595313535000},"page":"804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Glia and Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells of the Healthy and Ischemic Brain: The Workplace for the Wnt Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1296-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Knotek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0139-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucie","family":"Janeckova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5684-5828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Kriska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9777-4664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Korinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslava","family":"Anderova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoseth, E.Z., Krull, F., Dieset, I., M\u00f8rch, R.H., Hope, S., Gardsjord, E.S., Steen, N.E., Melle, I., Brattbakk, H.R., and Steen, V.M. (2018). Exploring the Wnt signaling pathway in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Transl. Psychiatry, 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0102-1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.238606","article-title":"Loss of canonical Wnt signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Inestrosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2827","article-title":"Neural stem cell grafts promote astroglia-driven neurorestoration in the aged parkinsonian brain via Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"36","author":"Tirolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belov Kirdajova, D., Kriska, J., Tureckova, J., and Anderova, M. (2020). Ischemia-triggered glutamate excitotoxicity from the perspective of glial cells. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00051"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9291","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802633R","article-title":"Hypoxic postconditioning activates the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway and protects against transient global cerebral ischemia through Dkk1 Inhibition and GSK-3\u03b2 inactivation","volume":"33","author":"Zhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.127032","article-title":"Involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway and cell apoptosis in the rat hippocampus following cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.11.005","article-title":"NG2 cells and their neurogenic potential","volume":"50","author":"Kirdajova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23301","article-title":"A single-cell analysis reveals multiple roles of oligodendroglial lineage cells during post-ischemic regeneration","volume":"66","author":"Valny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17700432","article-title":"Neural stem cell transplantation in ischemic stroke: A role for preconditioning and cellular engineering","volume":"37","author":"Bernstock","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela-Nallar, L., and Inestrosa, N.C. (2013). Wnt signaling in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00100"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.08.006","article-title":"Canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling in immune cells","volume":"39","author":"Chae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2443.2007.01068.x","article-title":"Glycosylation and palmitoylation of Wnt-3a are coupled to produce an active form of Wnt-3a","volume":"12","author":"Komekado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.049","article-title":"Wntless, a conserved membrane protein dedicated to the secretion of Wnt proteins from signaling cells","volume":"125","author":"Soldini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Herreros, A.G., and Du\u00f1ach, M. (2019). Intracellular signals activated by canonical Wnt ligands independent of GSK3 inhibition and \u03b2-catenin stabilization. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101148"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Amerongen, R. (2012). Alternative Wnt pathways and receptors. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a007914"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2017.4129","article-title":"Canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling in cancer stem cells and their niches: Cellular heterogeneity, omics reprogramming, targeted therapy and tumor plasticity (Review)","volume":"51","author":"Katoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-019-00633-x","article-title":"Wnt16 requires G\u03b1 subunits as intracellular partners for both its canonical and non-canonical WNT signalling activity in osteoblasts","volume":"106","author":"Hendrickx","year":"2020","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores-Hern\u00e1ndez, E., Vel\u00e1zquez, D.M., Casta\u00f1eda-Patl\u00e1n, M.C., Fuentes-Garc\u00eda, G., Fonseca-Camarillo, G., Yamamoto-Furusho, J.K., Romero-Avila, M.T., Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1inz, J.A., and Robles-Flores, M. (2020). Canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling are simultaneously activated by Wnts in colon cancer cells. Cell. Signal., 72.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109636"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27105","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15637","article-title":"Noncanonical Wnt signaling plays an important role in modulating canonical Wnt-regulated stemness, proliferation and terminal differentiation of hepatic progenitors","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2005.12.007","article-title":"Balancing cell adhesion and Wnt signaling, the key role of \u03b2-catenin","volume":"16","author":"Brembeck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1039\/c5ib00070j","article-title":"The mechanotransduction machinery at work at adherens junctions","volume":"7","author":"Ladoux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.06.010","article-title":"Terminal regions of \u03b2-catenin are critical for regulating its adhesion and transcription functions","volume":"1863","author":"Dar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta\u2013Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J., Liao, Y., Qiu, M., and Shen, W. (2020). Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in neural stem cell homeostasis and neurological diseases. Neuroscientist.","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858420914509"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4161\/org.4.2.5851","article-title":"Wnt signal transduction pathways","volume":"4","author":"Komiya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2009.11.021","article-title":"Dishevelled: The hub of Wnt signaling","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8032","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803025105","article-title":"LRP6 transduces a canonical Wnt signal independently of Axin degradation by inhibiting GSK3\u2019s phosphorylation of \u03b2-catenin","volume":"105","author":"Cselenyi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.016","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling, disease, and emerging therapeutic modalities","volume":"169","author":"Nusse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.11.032","article-title":"Wnt signaling in adult intestinal stem cells and cancer","volume":"26","author":"Krausova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2020, June 25). The Wnt Homepage. Available online: http:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/nusselab\/cgi-bin\/wnt\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-2028-6","article-title":"Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling in neural stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"72","author":"Kypta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20195","article-title":"Noncanonical Wnt signaling in vertebrate development, stem cells, and diseases","volume":"90","author":"Sugimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, J., Nusse, R., and Van Amerongen, R. (2014). The role of Ryk and Ror receptor tyrosine kinases in wnt signal transduction. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009175"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2003.09.006","article-title":"A role for AP-1 in apoptosis: The case for and against","volume":"85","author":"Ameyar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200701083","article-title":"Cdc42 and noncanonical Wnt signal transduction pathways cooperate to promote cell polarity","volume":"178","author":"Schlessinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.1.131-139.2003","article-title":"The TAK1-NLK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade functions in the Wnt-5a\/Ca2+ pathway to antagonize Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"23","author":"Ishitani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.06.016","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling: Components, mechanisms, and diseases","volume":"17","author":"MacDonald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/nature756","article-title":"Kremen proteins are Dickkopf receptors that regulate Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signalling","volume":"417","author":"Mao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s11689-011-9083-6","article-title":"Synaptic Wnt signaling\u2014A contributor to major psychiatric disorders?","volume":"3","author":"Okerlund","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pe10","DOI":"10.1126\/stke.18pe10","article-title":"Context-dependent activation or inhibition of Wnt-beta-Catenin signaling by kremen","volume":"1","author":"Cselenyi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.09.002","article-title":"Signaling mechanisms regulating adult neural stem cells and neurogenesis","volume":"1830","author":"Faigle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.09.023","article-title":"Distinct effects of sonic hedgehog and Wnt-7a on differentiation of neonatal neural stem\/progenitor cells in vitro","volume":"171","author":"Prajerova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.036624","article-title":"Coordination of sonic hedgehog and Wnt signaling determines ventral and dorsal telencephalic neuron types from human embryonic stem cells","volume":"136","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-018-0220-7","article-title":"A highlight on Sonic hedgehog pathway","volume":"16","author":"Carballo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knoth, R., Singec, I., Ditter, M., Pantazis, G., Capetian, P., Meyer, R.P., Horvat, V., Volk, B., and Kempermann, G. (2010). Murine features of neurogenesis in the human hippocampus across the lifespan from 0 to 100 years. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008809"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2011.83","article-title":"Identification and characterization of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream of the adult human brain","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.03.015","article-title":"Human hippocampal neurogenesis persists throughout aging","volume":"22","author":"Boldrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25975","article-title":"Human hippocampal neurogenesis drops sharply in children to undetectable levels in adults","volume":"555","author":"Sorrells","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.12.044","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of regional differences in adult V-SVZ neural stem cell lineages","volume":"26","author":"Mizrak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.07.013","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq with waterfall reveals molecular cascades underlying adult neurogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urb\u00e1n, N., and Guillemot, F. (2014). Neurogenesis in the embryonic and adult brain: Same regulators, different roles. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00396"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2360","article-title":"Wnt-mediated activation of NeuroD1 and retro-elements during adult neurogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04108","article-title":"Wnt signalling regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"437","author":"Lie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.36","article-title":"Endogenous Wnt signaling maintains neural progenitor cell potency","volume":"27","author":"Wexler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2001","article-title":"Orphan nuclear receptor TLX activates Wnt\/\u0392-catenin signalling to stimulate neural stem cell proliferation and self-renewal","volume":"12","author":"Qu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0177","article-title":"\u03b2-catenin signaling promotes proliferation of progenitor cells in the adult mouse subventricular zone","volume":"25","author":"Adachi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.12.044","article-title":"Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 regulates neuronal progenitor proliferation via modulation of GSK3\u03b2\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"136","author":"Mao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00325-13","article-title":"Wnt7a regulates multiple steps of neurogenesis","volume":"33","author":"Qu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5807","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013456108","article-title":"Prospero-related homeobox 1 gene (Prox1) is regulated by canonical Wnt signaling and has a stage-specific role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"108","author":"Karalay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr320","article-title":"Wnt signaling has opposing roles in the developing and the adult brain that are modulated by Hipk1","volume":"22","author":"Marinaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3570","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-184697","article-title":"Reduction in paracrine Wnt3 factors during aging causes impaired adult neurogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Okamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21586","article-title":"Effect of canonical Wnt inhibition in the neurogenic cortex, hippocampus, and premigratory dentate gyrus progenitor pool","volume":"237","author":"Solberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.11.021","article-title":"Secreted frizzled-related protein 3 regulates activity-dependent adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Jang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI73015","article-title":"Phosphatase WIP1 regulates adult neurogenesis and WNT signaling during aging","volume":"124","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.11.010","article-title":"Loss of Dickkopf-1 restores neurogenesis in old age and counteracts cognitive decline","volume":"12","author":"Seib","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.07.024","article-title":"Reversal of synapse degeneration by restoring Wnt signaling in the adult hippocampus","volume":"26","author":"Marzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2019.04.010","article-title":"Involvement of p38 in age-related decline in adult neurogenesis via modulation of Wnt signaling","volume":"12","author":"Kase","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02524.x","article-title":"Inhibition of hippocampal Jun N-terminal kinase enhances short-term memory but blocks long-term memory formation and retrieval of an inhibitory avoidance task","volume":"17","author":"Bevilaqua","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.02.013","article-title":"Knockout of c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1, 2 or 3 isoforms induces behavioural changes","volume":"245","author":"Reinecke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15857","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808986200","article-title":"Wnt-5a\/JNK signaling promotes the clustering of PSD-95 in hippocampal neurons","volume":"284","author":"Alfaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21164","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010011107","article-title":"Wingless-type family member 5A (Wnt-5a) stimulates synaptic differentiation and function of glutamatergic synapses","volume":"107","author":"Alfaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slater, P.G., Ramirez, V.T., Gonzalez-Billault, C., Varela-Nallar, L., and Inestrosa, N.C. (2013). Frizzled-5 receptor is involved in neuronal polarity and morphogenesis of hippocampal neurons. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078892"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.06.005","article-title":"The AP-1 transcription factor c-Jun is required for efficient axonal regeneration","volume":"43","author":"Raivich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1807","article-title":"A switch from canonical to noncanonical wnt signaling mediates early differentiation of human neural stem cells","volume":"32","author":"Kypta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3121","article-title":"Wnt5a promotes differentiation and development of adult-born neurons in the hippocampus by noncanonical Wnt signaling","volume":"38","author":"Arredondo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-005-9113-3","article-title":"Increase in proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells isolated from postnatal and adult mice brain by Wnt-3a and Wnt-5a","volume":"288","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4983","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4130-14.2015","article-title":"The Wnt adaptor protein ATP6AP2 regulates multiple stages of adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Schafer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chavali, M., Klingener, M., Kokkosis, A.G., Garkun, Y., Felong, S., Maffei, A., and Aguirre, A. (2018). Non-canonical Wnt signaling regulates neural stem cell quiescence during homeostasis and after demyelination. Nat. Commun., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02440-0"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248012","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248012","article-title":"An integral program for tissue renewal and regeneration: Wnt signaling and stem cell control","volume":"346","author":"Clevers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22683","article-title":"The glia\/neuron ratio: How it varies uniformly across brain structures and species and what that means for brain physiology and evolution","volume":"62","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Glial cells and their function in the adult brain: A journey through the history of their ablation","volume":"11","author":"Dimou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1061","article-title":"Inducible ablation of astrocytes shows that these cells are required for neuronal survival in the adult brain","volume":"34","author":"Cui","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.07.051","article-title":"Astrocyte depletion impairs redox homeostasis and triggers neuronal loss in the adult CNS","volume":"12","author":"Schreiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20392","article-title":"GFAP-expressing cells in the postnatal subventricular zone display a unique glial phenotype intermediate between radial glia and astrocytes","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27581-0","article-title":"BMP and WNT signalling cooperate through LEF1 in the neuronal specification of adult hippocampal neural stem and progenitor cells","volume":"8","author":"Armenteros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1243","article-title":"Symmetric expansion of neural stem cells from the adult olfactory bulb is driven by astrocytes via WNT7A","volume":"30","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.10.025","article-title":"Glial control of neurogenesis","volume":"47","author":"Falk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/319499a0","article-title":"Proliferating bipotential glial progenitor cells in adult rat optic nerve","volume":"319","author":"Raff","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3390","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte progenitors balance growth with self-repulsion to achieve homeostasis in the adult brain","volume":"16","author":"Hughes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22554","article-title":"Extensive regenerative plasticity among adult NG2-glia populations is exclusively based on self-renewal","volume":"61","author":"Robins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6946","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0356-15.2015","article-title":"Age-dependent netrin-1 signaling regulates NG2+ glial cell spatial homeostasis in normal adult gray matter","volume":"35","author":"Birey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/62.9.908","article-title":"Decline in rate of colonization of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC)-depleted tissue by adult OPCs with age","volume":"62","author":"Chari","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23055","article-title":"Decrease in newly generated oligodendrocytes leads to motor dysfunctions and changed myelin structures that can be rescued by transplanted cells","volume":"64","author":"Schneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.10.046","article-title":"Genetic and stress-induced loss of NG2 glia triggers emergence of depressive-like behaviors through reduced secretion of FGF2","volume":"88","author":"Birey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200210110","article-title":"Postnatal NG2 proteoglycan-expressing progenitor cells are intrinsically multipotent and generate functional neurons","volume":"161","author":"Belachew","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5485.1754","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte precursor cells reprogrammed to become multipotential CNS stem cells","volume":"289","author":"Kondo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.009","article-title":"NG2+ CNS glial progenitors remain committed to the oligodendrocyte lineage in postnatal life and following neurodegeneration","volume":"68","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2220","article-title":"PDGFRA\/NG2 glia generate myelinating oligodendrocytes and piriform projection neurons in adult mice","volume":"11","author":"Rivers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.047951","article-title":"Age-dependent fate and lineage restriction of single NG2 cells","volume":"138","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2014.10.007","article-title":"Sox2-mediated conversion of NG2 glia into induced neurons in the injured adult cerebral cortex","volume":"3","author":"Heinrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honsa, P., Pivonkova, H., Dzamba, D., Filipova, M., and Anderova, M. (2012). Polydendrocytes display large lineage plasticity following focal cerebral ischemia. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036816"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23019","article-title":"Generation of reactive astrocytes from NG2 cells is regulated by sonic hedgehog","volume":"64","author":"Honsa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21862","article-title":"Genetic fate mapping of Olig2 progenitors in the injured adult cerebral cortex reveals preferential differentiation into astrocytes","volume":"86","author":"Tatsumi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4351","article-title":"Rapid production of new oligodendrocytes is required in the earliest stages of motor-skill learning","volume":"19","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13921","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3343-11.2011","article-title":"SRY-Box containing gene 17 regulates the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells","volume":"31","author":"Chew","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14558","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2001-12.2013","article-title":"NG2 cells in white matter but not gray matter proliferate in response to PDGF","volume":"33","author":"Hill","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8467","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0311-14.2014","article-title":"Stage-specific regulation of oligodendrocyte development by Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"34","author":"Dai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2333","article-title":"HDAC1 and HDAC2 regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation by disrupting the beta-catenin-TCF interaction","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2009.07.010","article-title":"Wnt signaling is sufficient to perturb oligodendrocyte maturation","volume":"42","author":"Feigenson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00061","DOI":"10.1042\/AN20110004","article-title":"Canonical Wnt signalling requires the BMP pathway to inhibit oligodendrocyte maturation","volume":"3","author":"Feigenson","year":"2011","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3467-12.2013","article-title":"Adenomatous polyposis coli regulates oligodendroglial development","volume":"33","author":"Lang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2736","article-title":"Oligodendrogliogenic and neurogenic adult subependymal zone neural stem cells constitute distinct lineages and exhibit differential responsiveness to Wnt signalling","volume":"15","author":"Ortega","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21122","article-title":"GSK3\u03b2 negatively regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in vivo","volume":"59","author":"Azim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.10.064","article-title":"Lithium chloride stimulates plp and mbp expression in oligodendrocytes via wnt\/\u03b2-catenin and akt\/creb pathways","volume":"284","author":"Meffre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7324","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305411110","article-title":"Lineage tracing with Axin2 reveals distinct developmental and adult populations of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin-responsive neural stem cells","volume":"110","author":"Bowman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6639","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06639.2002","article-title":"The adult substantia nigra contains progenitor cells with neurogenic potential","volume":"22","author":"Lie","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8727","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-23-08727.2000","article-title":"Adult spinal cord stem cells generate neurons after transplantation in the adult dentate gyrus","volume":"20","author":"Shihabuddin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/383624a0","article-title":"Differentiation of adult hippocampus-derived progenitors into olfactory neurons in vivo","volume":"383","author":"Suhonen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2016.11.008","article-title":"Adult NSC diversity and plasticity: The role of the niche","volume":"42","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.09.026","article-title":"Manipulating Wnt signaling at different subcellular levels affects the fate of neonatal neural stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"1651","author":"Kriska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23608","article-title":"Wnt signaling represses astrogliogenesis via Ngn2-dependent direct suppression of astrocyte gene expression","volume":"67","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azim, K., Akkermann, R., Cantone, M., Vera, J., Jadasz, J.J., and K\u00fcry, P. (2018). Transcriptional profiling of ligand expression in cell specific populations of the adult mouse forebrain that regulates neurogenesis. Front. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00220"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313316","article-title":"Fine-tuning of Sox17 and canonical Wnt coordinates the permeability properties of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"124","author":"Corada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laksitorini, M.D., Yathindranath, V., Xiong, W., Hombach-Klonisch, S., and Miller, D.W. (2019). Modulation of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling promotes blood-brain barrier phenotype in cultured brain endothelial cells. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56075-w"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2008.07.004","article-title":"Neural stem cells confer unique pinwheel architecture to the ventricular surface in neurogenic regions of the adult brain","volume":"3","author":"Mirzadeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.05.029","article-title":"Ank3-dependent SVZ niche assembly is required for the continued production of new neurons","volume":"71","author":"Abdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6342","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0132-8","article-title":"Wnts are expressed in the ependymal region of the adult spinal cord","volume":"54","author":"Ferrer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5954","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803297115","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling regulates ependymal cell development and adult homeostasis","volume":"115","author":"Xing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.06.022","article-title":"Loss of dishevelleds disrupts planar polarity in ependymal motile cilia and results in hydrocephalus","volume":"83","author":"Ohata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1119133","article-title":"New neurons follow the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the adult brain","volume":"311","author":"Sawamoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60694-7","article-title":"Stroke","volume":"371","author":"Donnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-6-11","article-title":"Pathophysiology, treatment, and animal and cellular models of human ischemic stroke","volume":"6","author":"Woodruff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-016-0460-z","article-title":"Neurogenesis in stroke recovery","volume":"8","author":"Koh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2004","article-title":"Astrocyte metabolism and signaling during brain ischemia","volume":"10","author":"Rossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01401-0","article-title":"Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: An integrated view","volume":"22","author":"Dirnagl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-018-9911-5","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid prevents AMPA-mediated excitotoxicity in optic nerve oligodendrocytes through a PKC and caspase-dependent pathways","volume":"34","author":"Rebai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-019-01439-2","article-title":"Ischemic stroke and mitochondria: Mechanisms and targets","volume":"257","author":"Andrabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.534503","article-title":"Temporal and spatial dynamics of cerebral immune cell accumulation in stroke","volume":"40","author":"Gelderblom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(00)00218-8","article-title":"Advances in the vascular pathophysiology of ischemic stroke","volume":"98","author":"Hallenbeck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0033-9","article-title":"The diversity and disparity of the glial scar","volume":"21","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.8140","article-title":"Glial scar formation occurs in the human brain after ischemic stroke","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.204","article-title":"Neurothrombectomy in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke","volume":"9","author":"Jansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164594","article-title":"Canonical Wnt signaling regulates organ-specific assembly and differentiation of CNS vasculature","volume":"322","author":"Stenman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200806024","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling controls development of the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"183","author":"Liebner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"2365","article-title":"CPCGI confers neuroprotection by enhancing blood circulation and neurological function in cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion rats","volume":"20","author":"Miao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5230-04.2005","article-title":"Induction of Dickkopf-1, a negative modulator of the Wnt pathway, is required for the development of ischemic neuronal death","volume":"25","author":"Cappuccio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.111","article-title":"Induction of the Wnt antagonist, Dickkopf-1, contributes to the development of neuronal death in models of brain focal ischemia","volume":"29","author":"Mastroiacovo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6194","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210438","article-title":"Bcl-2 overexpression in PhIP-induced colon tumors: Cloning of the rat Bcl-2 promoter and characterization of a pathway involving \u03b2-catenin, c-Myc and E2F1","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.11.143","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway contributes to isoflurane postconditioning against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and is possibly related to the transforming growth factor\u03b21\/Smad3 signaling pathway","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.05.015","article-title":"Circulating Dickkopf-1 in acute ischemic stroke and clinically stable cerebrovascular disease","volume":"218","author":"Pekar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20040","article-title":"Endogenous adult neural stem cells: Limits and potential to repair the injured central nervous system","volume":"76","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.589","article-title":"Wnt signaling regulates symmetry of division of neural stem cells in the adult brain and in response to injury","volume":"29","author":"Piccin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17702669","article-title":"Neuroprotective and regenerative roles of intranasal Wnt-3a administration after focal ischemic stroke in mice","volume":"38","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shruster, A., Ben-Zur, T., Melamed, E., and Offen, D. (2012). Wnt signaling enhances neurogenesis and improves neurological function after focal ischemic injury. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040843"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.02.031","article-title":"\u03b2-Catenin siRNA inhibits ischemia-induced striatal neurogenesis in adult rat brain following a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion","volume":"435","author":"Lei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.04.004","article-title":"Bcl-2 increases stroke-induced striatal neurogenesis in adult brains by inhibiting BMP-4 function via activation of \u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"61","author":"Lei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X694364","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b2 inhibition induced neuroprotection, regeneration, and functional recovery after intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L.H., Zhang, G.L., Liu, X.Y., Peng, A., Ren, H.Y., Huang, S.H., Liu, T., and Wang, X.J. (2020). CELSR1 promotes neuroprotection in cerebral ischemic injury mainly through the Wnt\/PKC signaling pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041267"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1007-x","article-title":"Neuroglobin promotes neurogenesis through Wnt signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2017.63.7.2","article-title":"Hypoxia stimulates neural stem cell proliferation by increasing HIF-1\u03b1 expression and activating Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"63","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.011","article-title":"Peroxynitrite enhances self-renewal, proliferation and neuronal differentiation of neural stem\/progenitor cells through activating HIF-1\u03b1 and Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"117","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00329","article-title":"MiR-148b regulates proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells via Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in rat ischemic stroke model","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.07.011","article-title":"Wip1 knockout inhibits neurogenesis by affecting the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway in focal cerebral ischemia in mice","volume":"309","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.245688","article-title":"Inhibition of myeloperoxidase by N-Acetyl lysyltyrosylcysteine amide reduces oxidative stress-mediated inflammation, neuronal damage, and neural stem cell injury in a murine model of stroke","volume":"364","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.067","article-title":"Repression of long non-coding RNA MEG3 restores nerve growth and alleviates neurological impairment after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model","volume":"111","author":"You","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-013-8511-x","article-title":"tPA regulates neurite outgrowth by phosphorylation of LRP5\/6 in neural progenitor cells","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.03.039","article-title":"Wnt expression in the adult rat subventricular zone after stroke","volume":"418","author":"Morris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22984","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling mediates the seizure-facilitating effect of postischemic reactive astrocytes after pentylenetetrazole-kindling","volume":"64","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busceti, C.L., Di Menna, L., Bianchi, F., Mastroiacovo, F., Di Pietro, P., Traficante, A., Bozza, G., Niehrs, C., Battaglia, G., and Bruno, V. (2018). Dickkopf-3 causes neuroprotection by inducing vascular endothelial growth factor. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00292"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Lu, Z., Man, J., Cui, K., Fu, X., Yu, L., Gao, Y., Liao, L., Xiao, Q., and Guo, R. (2019). Wnt-3a alleviates neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke by modulating the responses of microglia\/macrophages and astrocytes. Int. Immunopharmacol., 75.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105760"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2010.04.009","article-title":"Wnt1, FoxO3a, and NF-\u03baB oversee microglial integrity and activation during oxidant stress","volume":"22","author":"Shang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, D., Zhang, X., Chen, J., Liu, X., Xue, J., Zhang, L., and Lan, X. (2019). Wnt canonical pathway activator TWS119 drives microglial anti-inflammatory activation and facilitates neurological recovery following experimental stroke. J. Neuroinflammation, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1660-8"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halleskog, C., Dijksterhuis, J.P., Kilander, M.B.C., Becerril-Ortega, J., Villaescusa, J.C., Lindgren, E., Arenas, E., and Schulte, G. (2012). Heterotrimeric G protein-dependent WNT-5A signaling to ERK1\/2 mediates distinct aspects of microglia proinflammatory transformation. J. Neuroinflammation, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-111"},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"1447","article-title":"Treadmill exercise promotes neurogenesis and myelin repair via upregulating Wnt\/\u03b2\u2013catenin signaling pathways in the juvenile brain following focal cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"45","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1310-7","article-title":"TIMP-1 promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation through receptor-mediated signaling","volume":"56","author":"Nicaise","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2206-9","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte precursor cells transplantation protects blood\u2013brain barrier in a mouse model of brain ischemia via Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"(2020, June 26). ClinicalTrials.gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marei, H.E., Hasan, A., Rizzi, R., Althani, A., Afifi, N., Cenciarelli, C., Caceci, T., and Shuaib, A. (2018). Potential of stem cell-based therapy for ischemic stroke. Front. Neurol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00034"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.11.004","article-title":"Multiple beneficial effects of melanocortin MC4 receptor agonists in experimental neurodegenerative disorders: Therapeutic perspectives","volume":"148","author":"Giuliani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.03.030","article-title":"Up-regulation of the canonical Wnt-3A and Sonic hedgehog signaling underlies melanocortin-induced neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia","volume":"707","author":"Spaccapelo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.08.057","article-title":"Beneficial effects of sulindac in focal cerebral ischemia: A positive role in Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"1482","author":"Xing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.05.039","article-title":"Liraglutide protects neurite outgrowth of cortical neurons under oxidative stress though activating the Wnt pathway","volume":"27","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.005116","article-title":"Delayed hyperbaric oxygen therapy promotes neurogenesis through reactive oxygen species\/hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1\/\u03b2-catenin pathway in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats","volume":"45","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689719883578","article-title":"HBO promotes the differentiation of neural stem cells via interactions between the Wnt3\/\u03b2-catenin and BMP2 signaling pathways","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16151","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16151","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin coupled with HIF-1\u03b1\/VEGF signaling pathways involved in galangin neurovascular unit protection from focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.01.043","article-title":"Post-stroke gastrodin treatment ameliorates ischemic injury and increases neurogenesis and restores the Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin signaling in focal cerebral ischemia in mice","volume":"1712","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-015-0652-1","article-title":"Cornin increases angiogenesis and improves functional recovery after stroke via the Ang1\/Tie2 axis and the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2334","article-title":"Electro-acupuncture exerts beneficial effects against cerebral ischemia and promotes the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the cortical peri-infarct area through the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9138-x","article-title":"Role of Wnt signaling in central nervous system injury","volume":"53","author":"Lambert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.12.015","article-title":"Estrogen regulation of Dkk1 and Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin signaling in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"1514","author":"Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7028","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9607-2","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b2 inhibitor TWS119 attenuates rtPA-induced hemorrhagic transformation and activates the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway after acute ischemic stroke in rats","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.06.024","article-title":"The role of the Wnt canonical signaling in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"158","author":"Libro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3122","article-title":"Modulating the wnt signaling pathway with small molecules","volume":"26","author":"Tran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.304","article-title":"Wnt signaling in cancer","volume":"36","author":"Zhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/7\/804\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:49:11Z","timestamp":1760176151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/7\/804"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]},"references-count":193,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["genes11070804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes11070804","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]}}}