{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:43:36Z","timestamp":1777419816375,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FONDECYT #1180867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDECYT #1180867"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FONDAP #15110027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDAP #15110027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caligus rogercresseyi, commonly known as sea louse, is an ectoparasite copepod that impacts the salmon aquaculture in Chile, causing losses of hundreds of million dollars per year. This pathogen is mainly controlled by immersion baths with delousing drugs, which can lead to resistant traits selection in lice populations. Bioassays are commonly used to assess louse drug sensitivity, but the current procedures may mask relevant molecular responses. This study aimed to discover novel coding genes and non-coding RNAs that could evidence drug sensitivity at the genomic level. Sea lice samples from populations with contrasting sensitivity to delousing drugs were collected. Bioassays using azamethiphos, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin drugs were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity and to collect samples for RNA-sequencing. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted on samples exposed to each drug to evaluate the presence of coding and non-coding RNAs associated with the response of these compounds. The results revealed specific transcriptome patterns in lice exposed to azamethiphos, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin drugs. Enrichment analyses of Gene Ontology terms showed specific biological processes and molecular functions associated with each delousing drug analyzed. Furthermore, novel long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified in C. rogercresseyi and tightly linked to differentially expressed coding genes. A significant correlation between gene transcription patterns and phenotypic effects was found in lice collected from different salmon farms with contrasting drug treatment efficacies. The significant correlation among gene transcription patterns with the historical background of drug sensitivity suggests novel molecular mechanisms of pharmacological resistance in lice populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11080857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T09:24:49Z","timestamp":1595841889000},"page":"857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Tackling the Molecular Drug Sensitivity in the Sea Louse Caligus rogercresseyi Based on mRNA and lncRNA Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Gustavo","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constanza","family":"S\u00e1ez-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Valenzuela-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Valenzuela-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Arriagada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Agron\u00f3micas y Veterinarias, Universidad de O\u2019Higgins, San Fernando 3070000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7094-6702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Gallardo-Esc\u00e1rate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.09.006","article-title":"The next-generation sequencing revolution and its impact on genomics","volume":"155","author":"Koboldt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.49","article-title":"Coming of age: Ten years of next-generation sequencing technologies","volume":"17","author":"Goodwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3802","article-title":"Evolutionary dynamics of coding and non-coding transcriptomes","volume":"15","author":"Necsulea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/35103511","article-title":"Non\u2013coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world","volume":"2","author":"Eddy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2010.03.003","article-title":"Decoding the function of nuclear long non-coding RNAs","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3606","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs: New players in cell differentiation and development","volume":"15","author":"Fatica","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2521","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs: Insights into functions","volume":"10","author":"Mercer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjy026","article-title":"Diverse roles of regulatory non-coding RNAs","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14642","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14642","article-title":"Genome wide discovery of long intergenic non-coding RNAs in Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and their expression in insecticide resistant strains","volume":"5","author":"Etebari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, D., and Gong, C. (2018). Long noncoding RNA: Disclosing new horizon in the molecular world of insects. Trends in Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61343-7_5"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aggene.2017.03.001","article-title":"Long noncoding RNAs: Unexplored players in the drug response of the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi","volume":"4","author":"Etebari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agri Gene"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12334","article-title":"The race between host and sea lice in the Chilean salmon farming: A genomic approach","volume":"11","author":"Arriagada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12012","article-title":"Southward expansion of the Chilean salmon industry in the Patagonian Fjords: Main environmental challenges","volume":"5","author":"Niklitschek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12338","article-title":"Main issues and challenges for sustainable development of salmon farming in Chile: A socio-economic perspective","volume":"11","author":"Dresdner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.03.011","article-title":"The effect of chemotherapeutic drugs used to control sea lice on the hatching viability of egg strings from Caligus rogercresseyi","volume":"443","author":"Bravo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myhre Jensen, E., Sevatdal, S., Bakke, M.J., Kaur, K., and Horsberg, T.E. (2017). A selection study on a laboratory-designed population of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) using organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178068"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2013.08.019","article-title":"Fish Immune Responses to Parasitic Copepod (namely Sea lice) Infection","volume":"43","author":"Fast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300013286","article-title":"A microtitre plate assay for characterizing insensitive acetylcholinesterase genotypes of insecticide-resistant insects","volume":"78","author":"Moores","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.12.013","article-title":"Effects of pyrethroids on voltage-sensitive calcium channels: A critical evaluation of strengths, weaknesses, data needs, and relationship to assessment of cumulative neurotoxicity","volume":"196","author":"Shafer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12384-6","article-title":"The mechanism (Phe362Tyr mutation) behind resistance in Lepeophtheirus salmonis pre-dates organophosphate use in salmon farming","volume":"7","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26420-6","article-title":"Deltamethrin resistance in the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kr\u00f8yer): Maternal inheritance and reduced apoptosis","volume":"8","author":"Bakke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1vez-Mardones, J., and Gallardo-Esc\u00e1rate, C. (2015). Next-Generation Transcriptome Profiling of the Salmon Louse Caligus rogercresseyi Exposed to Deltamethrin (AlphaMax\u2122): Discovery of Relevant Genes and Sex-Related Differences. Mar. Biotechnol., 1\u201318. (in press).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-015-9661-9"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.06.017","article-title":"Deltamethrin (AlphaMax\u2122) reveals modulation of genes related to oxidative stress in the ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi: Implications on delousing drug effectiveness","volume":"433","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"236","article-title":"Molecular characterization and transcription analysis of P-glycoprotein gene from the salmon louse Caligus rogercresseyi","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Aquac. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.07.017","article-title":"In silico transcriptome analysis of cuticle-related genes associated with delousing drug responses in the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi","volume":"450","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.05.011","article-title":"RNA-seq analysis evidences multiple gene responses in Caligus rogercresseyi exposed to the anti-salmon lice drug azamethiphos","volume":"446","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transcriptomic insights on the ABC transporter gene family in the salmon louse Caligus rogercresseyi","volume":"8","author":"Sturm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12223","article-title":"Deltamethrin resistance in the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi (Boxhall and Bravo) in Chile: Bioassay results and usage data for antiparasitic agents with references to Norwegian conditions","volume":"37","author":"Helgesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2016.03.006","article-title":"Sensitivity assessment of Caligus rogercresseyi to anti-louse chemicals in relation to treatment efficacy in Chilean salmonid farms","volume":"458","author":"Agusti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn, S., Ibarra, R., Medina, M., and Jansen, P. (2015). Sensitivity of Caligus rogercresseyi (Boxshall and Bravo 2000) to pyrethroids and azamethiphos measured using bioassay tests\u2014A large scale spatial study. Prev. Vet. Med., (in press).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.09.017"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Consortium, S. (2006). Sea Lice Resistance to Chemotherapeutants: A Handbook in Resistance Management, SEARCH."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12053","article-title":"Single-dose field bioassay for sensitivity testing in sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis: Development of a rapid diagnostic tool","volume":"36","author":"Helgesen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3151-7","article-title":"Caligus rogercresseyi acetylcholinesterase types and variants: A potential marker for organophosphate resistance","volume":"11","author":"Dondrup","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallardo-Esc\u00e1rate, C., Valenzuela-Mu\u00f1oz, V., and N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Acu\u00f1a, G. (2014). RNA-Seq analysis using de novo transcriptome assembly as a reference for the salmon louse Caligus rogercresseyi. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092239"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.45","article-title":"The SWISS-PROT protein sequence database and its supplement TrEMBL in 2000","volume":"28","author":"Bairoch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti610","article-title":"Blast2GO: A universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research","volume":"21","author":"Conesa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt006","article-title":"CPAT: Coding-Potential Assessment Tool using an alignment-free logistic regression model","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W345","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm391","article-title":"CPC: Assess the protein-coding potential of transcripts using sequence features and support vector machine","volume":"35","author":"Kong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"R Core Team (2015). R: A language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Wei, T., and Simko, V. (2020, April 01). R Package \u201cCorrplot\u201d: Visualization of a Correlation Matrix, R Package Version 0.84. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/taiyun\/corrplot."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BILE.0000019559.84305.47","article-title":"Determination of stable housekeeping genes, differentially regulated target genes and sample integrity: BestKeeper\u2013Excel-based tool using pair-wise correlations","volume":"26","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2004.04.004","article-title":"Culex pipiens pallens: Identification of genes differentially expressed in deltamethrin-resistant and-susceptible strains","volume":"79","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.092478","article-title":"Deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, is a potent inducer for the activity-dependent gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neurons","volume":"316","author":"Imamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2014.03.005","article-title":"Transcriptional responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to deltamethrin, alone or in combination with azamethiphos","volume":"162","author":"Olsvik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Y., Zhu, F., Zeng, L., Wang, Y., Lei, X., Yao, Y., Hou, Y., and Xu, L. (2017). Transcriptional responses in the hepatopancreas of Eriocheir sinensis exposed to deltamethrin. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184581"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vester, A., and Caudle, W.M. (2016). The synapse as a central target for neurodevelopmental susceptibility to pesticides. Toxics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics4030018"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/366156a0","article-title":"Different types of calcium channels mediate central synaptic transmission","volume":"366","author":"Takahashi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(87)90175-5","article-title":"NMDA receptors-their role in long-term potentiation","volume":"10","author":"Collingridge","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleakman, D., and Lodge, D. (1998). Neuropharmacology of AMPA and kainate receptors. Neuropharmacology.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(98)00139-7"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-472X(01)00676-2","article-title":"Notch receptors and hematopoiesis","volume":"29","author":"Kojika","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.03.012","article-title":"NMDA and AMPA receptors: Old channels, new tricks","volume":"30","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1vez-Mardones, J., Bolta\u00f1a, S., Valenzuela-Mu\u00f1oz, V., and Gallardo-Esc\u00e1rate, C. (2015). Evidence for the induction of key components of the Notch signaling pathway via deltamethrin and azamethiphos treatment in the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. Comp. Biochem. Phys. D., (in press)."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072165","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of axon guidance","volume":"298","author":"Dickson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2014.11.002","article-title":"Effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on DNA methylation in the brain and gonad of the common carp","volume":"168","author":"Xing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010617-053021","article-title":"Pharmacoepigenetics and Toxicoepigenetics: Novel Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"58","author":"Lauschke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.579474","article-title":"Epigenetic Modification of Histone 3 Lysine 27 mediator subunit MED25 is required for the dissociation of polycomb repressive complex 2 from the promoter of cytochrome p450 2C9","volume":"290","author":"Englert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.12.006","article-title":"Drug resistance in sea lice: A threat to salmonid aquaculture","volume":"31","author":"Aaen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00949.2009","article-title":"Central Cholinesterase Inhibition Enhances Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission","volume":"103","author":"Kozhemyakin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.04.013","article-title":"Modeling and simulation of organophosphate-induced neurotoxicity: Prediction and validation by experimental studies","volume":"54","author":"Greget","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aroniadou-Anderjaska, V., Figueiredo, T.H., Apland, J.P., and Braga, M.F. (2019). Targeting the glutamatergic system to counteract organophosphate poisoning: A novel therapeutic strategy. Neurobiol. Dis.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.02.017"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Klaassen, C.D., and Amdur, M.O. (2013). Casarett and Doull\u2019s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, McGraw-Hill New York."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Acu\u00f1a, G., Bolta\u00f1a, S., and Gallardo-Esc\u00e1rate, C. (2016). Pesticides drive stochastic changes in the chemoreception and neurotransmission system of marine ectoparasites. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060700"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2004.01.003","article-title":"The genetics and genomics of insecticide resistance","volume":"20","author":"Daborn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226994","article-title":"Insecticide Resistance After Silent Spring","volume":"337","author":"Heckel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riveron, J.M., Ibrahim, S.S., Chanda, E., Mzilahowa, T., Cuamba, N., Irving, H., Barnes, K.G., Ndula, M., and Wondji, C.S. (2014). The highly polymorphic CYP6M7 cytochrome P450 gene partners with the directionally selected CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b genes to expand the pyrethroid resistance front in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in Africa. BMC Genom., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-817"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2005.03.021","article-title":"Serine proteinase over-expression in relation to deltamethrin resistance in Culex pipiens pallens","volume":"438","author":"Gong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3354\/dao065129","article-title":"Novel point mutation in the sodium channel gene of pyrethroid-resistant sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Crustacea: Copepoda)","volume":"65","author":"Anders","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1057","article-title":"Monooxygenase mediated pyrethroid detoxification in sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)","volume":"61","author":"Sevatdal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pest. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2016.08.027","article-title":"Caligus rogercresseyi serine proteases: Transcriptomic analysis in response to delousing drugs treatments","volume":"465","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmona-Anto\u00f1anzas, G., Bekaert, M., Humble, J.L., Boyd, S., Roy, W., Bassett, D.I., Houston, R.D., Gharbi, K., Bron, J.E., and Sturm, A. (2017). Maternal inheritance of deltamethrin resistance in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kr\u00f8yer) is associated with unique mtDNA haplotypes. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180625"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-93.6.1788","article-title":"Selection and Reversion of Azamethiphos-Resistance in a Field Population of the Housefly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), and the Underlying Biochemical Mechanisms","volume":"93","author":"Spencer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-98.4.1341","article-title":"Glutathione S-transferase and insecticide resistance in laboratory strains and field populations of Musca domestica","volume":"98","author":"Kristensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, K., Jansen, P.A., Aspehaug, V.T., and Horsberg, T.E. (2016). Phe362Tyr in AChE: A major factor responsible for azamethiphos resistance in Lepeophtheirus salmonis in Norway. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149264"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14681-6","article-title":"The Phe362Tyr mutation conveying resistance to organophosphates occurs in high frequencies in salmon lice collected from wild salmon and trout","volume":"7","author":"Besnier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.03.016","article-title":"The protective effect of the Phe362Tyr mutation in salmon lice\u2019(Lepeophtheirus salmonis) AChE when exposed to full-scale azamethiphos bath treatments","volume":"505","author":"Helgesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2014.11.008","article-title":"MicroRNA biogenesis pathway from the salmon louse (Caligus rogercresseyi): Emerging role in delousing drug response","volume":"555","author":"Asgari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.04.065","article-title":"Catching the complexity of salmon-louse interactions","volume":"90","author":"Carrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.02.007","article-title":"Evaluation of the performance of pyrethroids on different life stages of Caligus rogercresseyi in southern Chile","volume":"426","author":"Arriagada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/8\/857\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:51:57Z","timestamp":1760176317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/8\/857"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["genes11080857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes11080857","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]}}}