{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T09:02:28Z","timestamp":1776416548634,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007031, BBS\/E\/I\/00007034 and BBS\/E\/I\/00007038."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007031, BBS\/E\/I\/00007034 and BBS\/E\/I\/00007038."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/M012794\/1, BBS\/E\/I\/00007030 and BBS\/E\/I\/00007031."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M012794\/1, BBS\/E\/I\/00007030 and BBS\/E\/I\/00007031."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses that commonly cause gastrointestinal or respiratory illnesses in the infected host. Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen of chickens that can affect the kidneys and reproductive systems resulting in bird mortality and decreased reproductivity. The interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins are activated in response to viral infections and represent a class of cellular restriction factors that restrict the replication of many viral pathogens. Here, we characterize the relative mRNA expression of the chicken IFITM genes in response to IBV infection, in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro using the pathogenic M41-CK strain, the nephropathogenic QX strain and the nonpathogenic Beaudette strain. In vivo we demonstrate a significant upregulation of chIFITM1, 2, 3 and 5 in M41-CK- and QX-infected trachea two days post-infection. In vitro infection with Beaudette, M41-CK and QX results in a significant upregulation of chIFITM1, 2 and 3 at 24 h post-infection. We confirmed a differential innate response following infection with distinct IBV strains and believe that our data provide new insights into the possible role of chIFITMs in early IBV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11080918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T10:56:12Z","timestamp":1597143372000},"page":"918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Characterization of chIFITMs in Avian Coronavirus Infection In Vivo, Ex Vivo and In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Steyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Keep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4012-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Bickerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Fife","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"},{"name":"AVIAGEN UK, Ltd. Newbridge, Midlothian EH28 8SZ, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_1","article-title":"Coronaviruses: An overview of their replication and pathogenesis","volume":"1282","author":"Fehr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085952","article-title":"Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"300","author":"Rota","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.3390\/v7052358","article-title":"Genomic analysis of 15 human coronaviruses OC43 (HCoV-OC43s) circulating in France from 2001 to 2013 reveals a high intra-specific diversity with new recombinant genotypes","volume":"7","author":"Kin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12359","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.24.12359-12369.2001","article-title":"Reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"75","author":"Casais","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4621659","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4621659","article-title":"Pathogenesis and diagnostic approaches of avian infectious bronchitis","volume":"2016","author":"Bande","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okino, C.H., Mores, M.A., Trevisol, I.M., Coldebella, A., Montassier, H.J., and Brentano, L. (2017). Early immune responses and development of pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with different virulence profiles. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172275"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.2.1228","article-title":"Avian infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"19","author":"Ignjatovic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Isolation and identification of glandular stomach type IBV (QX IBV) in chickens","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Quar."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1637\/10227-043012-Review.1","article-title":"Review of infectious bronchitis virus around the world","volume":"56","author":"Jackwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-68-1-57","article-title":"Completion of the sequence of the genome of the coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"68","author":"Boursnell","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-1280-2_3","article-title":"The complete nucleotide sequence of avian infectious bronchitis virus: Analysis of the polymerase-coding region","volume":"218","author":"Boursnell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02713.x","article-title":"An efficient ribosomal frame-shifting signal in the polymerase-encoding region of the coronavirus IBV","volume":"6","author":"Brierley","year":"1987","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90124-4","article-title":"Characterization of an efficient coronavirus ribosomal frameshifting signal: Requirement for an RNA pseudoknot","volume":"57","author":"Brierley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60286-9","article-title":"The molecular biology of coronaviruses","volume":"48","author":"Lai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, J., Zheng, Y., Yang, Y., Liu, C., Geng, Q., Luo, C., Zhang, W., and Li, F. (2018). Cryo-EM structure of infectious bronchitis coronavirus spike protein reveals structural and functional evolution of coronavirus spike proteins. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.2210\/pdb6cv0\/pdb"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01044-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01044-18","article-title":"The S2 subunit of infectious bronchitis virus beaudette is a determinant of cellular tropism","volume":"92","author":"Bickerton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9084","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.16.9084-9089.2003","article-title":"Recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus expressing a heterologous spike gene demonstrates that the spike protein is a determinant of cell tropism","volume":"77","author":"Casais","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8903","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05112-11","article-title":"Binding of avian coronavirus spike proteins to host factors reflects virus tropism and pathogenicity","volume":"85","author":"Wickramasinghe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13804","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.24.13804-13811.2004","article-title":"Recombinant infectious bronchitis coronavirus Beaudette with the spike protein gene of the pathogenic M41 strain remains attenuated but induces protective immunity","volume":"78","author":"Hodgson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81651-0","article-title":"Sialic acid is a receptor determinant for infection of cells by avian Infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"87","author":"Winter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450802632049","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the sialic acid binding activity and the tropism for the respiratory epithelium of four different strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"38","author":"Neumann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2018.04.026","article-title":"Differential innate immune responses induced by classical and variant infectious bronchitis viruses in specific pathogen free chicks","volume":"87","author":"Chhabra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.11.011","article-title":"Pathogenicity and tissue tropism of infectious bronchitis virus is associated with elevated apoptosis and innate immune responses","volume":"488","author":"Chhabra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450310001621198","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: Experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus","volume":"32","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450094108","article-title":"Detection of infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"29","year":"2000","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.01.002","article-title":"Vaccination against infectious bronchitis virus: A continuous challenge","volume":"206","author":"Jordan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.566260","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis virus variants: A review of the history, current situation and control measures","volume":"40","author":"Cook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.583","article-title":"Genetic analysis of the S1 gene of 4\/91 type infectious bronchitis virus isolated in Japan","volume":"71","author":"Shimazaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.01.006","article-title":"Isolation and identification of four infectious bronchitis virus strains in China and analyses of their S1 glycoprotein gene","volume":"122","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.001","article-title":"Induction of innate immune response following infectious bronchitis corona virus infection in the respiratory tract of chickens","volume":"450","author":"Kameka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-031413-085537","article-title":"IFITM-family proteins: The cell\u2019s first line of antiviral defense","volume":"1","author":"Bailey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munoz-Moreno, R., Cuesta-Geijo, M.A., Martinez-Romero, C., Barrado-Gil, L., Galindo, I., Garcia-Sastre, A., and Alonso, C. (2016). Antiviral Role of IFITM Proteins in African Swine Fever Virus Infection. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154366"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01593-15","article-title":"Duck interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 mediates restriction of influenza viruses","volume":"90","author":"Blyth","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0358-5","article-title":"Avian Tembusu virus infection effectively triggers host innate immune response through MDA5 and TLR3-dependent signaling pathways","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3344","article-title":"The broad-spectrum antiviral functions of IFIT and IFITM proteins","volume":"13","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.12.017","article-title":"The IFITM proteins mediate cellular resistance to influenza A H1N1 virus, West Nile virus, and dengue virus","volume":"139","author":"Brass","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, I.C., Bailey, C.C., Weyer, J.L., Radoshitzky, S.R., Becker, M.M., Chiang, J.J., Brass, A.L., Ahmed, A.A., Chi, X., and Dong, L. (2011). Distinct patterns of IFITM-mediated restriction of filoviruses, SARS coronavirus, and influenza A virus. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001258"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01531-10","article-title":"The IFITM proteins inhibit HIV-1 infection","volume":"85","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.09.024","article-title":"IFITMs restrict the replication of multiple pathogenic viruses","volume":"425","author":"Perreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, J., Smith, N., Yu, L., Paton, I.R., Gutowska, M.W., Forrest, H.L., Danner, A.F., Seiler, J.P., Digard, P., and Webster, R.G. (2015). A comparative analysis of host responses to avian influenza infection in ducks and chickens highlights a role for the interferon-induced transmembrane proteins in viral resistance. BMC Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1778-8"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.11.004","article-title":"IFITM proteins-cellular inhibitors of viral entry","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26066","article-title":"IFITM1 is a tight junction protein that inhibits hepatitis C virus entry","volume":"57","author":"Wilkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkins, J., Zheng, Y.M., Yu, J., Liang, C., and Liu, S.L. (2016). Nonhuman Primate IFITM Proteins Are Potent Inhibitors of HIV and SIV. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156739"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desai, T.M., Marin, M., Chin, C.R., Savidis, G., Brass, A.L., and Melikyan, G.B. (2014). IFITM3 restricts influenza A virus entry by blocking the formation of fusion pores following virus-endosome hemifusion. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004048"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, K., Markosyan, R.M., Zheng, Y.M., Golfetto, O., Bungart, B., Li, M., Ding, S., He, Y., Liang, C., and Lee, J.C. (2013). IFITM proteins restrict viral membrane hemifusion. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003124"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12416","article-title":"Alphavirus Restriction by IFITM Proteins","volume":"17","author":"Weston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03228","article-title":"IFITM Genes, Variants, and Their Roles in the Control and Pathogenesis of Viral Infections","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.03.006","article-title":"The antiviral effector IFITM3 disrupts intracellular cholesterol homeostasis to block viral entry","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12957","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01443-13","article-title":"Chicken interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 restricts influenza viruses and lyssaviruses in vitro","volume":"87","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassano, I., Ong, S.H., Lawless, N., Whitehead, T., Fife, M., and Kellam, P. (2017). Accurate characterization of the IFITM locus using MiSeq and PacBio sequencing shows genetic variation in Galliformes. BMC Genom., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3801-8"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.08.055","article-title":"IFITM Proteins Restrict HIV-1 Infection by Antagonizing the Envelope Glycoprotein","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"294","article-title":"The antivirual function of ifitm 3 in influenza A virus infection","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Tuberc. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01473-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01473-18","article-title":"Recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses expressing chimeric spike glycoproteins induce partial protective immunity against homologous challenge despite limited replication in vivo","volume":"92","author":"Ellis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keep, S., Stevenson-Leggett, P., Steyn, A., Oade, M.S., Webb, I., Stuart, J., Vervelde, L., Britton, P., Maier, H.J., and Bickerton, E. (2020). Temperature sensitivity: A potential method for the generation of vaccines against the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070754"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"140","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis","volume":"12","author":"Bullis","year":"1951","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.599060","article-title":"Induction of cystic oviducts and protection against early challenge with infectious bronchitis virus serotype D388 (genotype QX) by maternally derived antibodies and by early vaccination","volume":"40","author":"Hoogkamer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001098","article-title":"The ADRP domain from a virulent strain of infectious bronchitis virus is not sufficient to confer a pathogenic phenotype to the attenuated Beaudette strain","volume":"99","author":"Keep","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001167","article-title":"Recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses expressing heterologous S1 subunits: Potential for a new generation of vaccines that replicate in Vero cells","volume":"99","author":"Bickerton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1486","article-title":"Characterization of a replicating and packaged defective RNA of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"203","author":"Penzes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8660","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.12.8660-8668.1996","article-title":"Replication and packaging of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus defective RNAs lacking a long open reading frame","volume":"70","author":"Penzes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-3-791","article-title":"Leader switching occurs during the rescue of defective RNAs by heterologous strains of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"81","author":"Stirrups","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_6","article-title":"The preparation of chicken kidney cell cultures for virus propagation","volume":"1282","author":"Hennion","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_5","article-title":"The preparation of chicken tracheal organ cultures for virus isolation, propagation, and titration","volume":"1282","author":"Hennion","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459994506","article-title":"Breadth of protection of the respiratory tract provided by different live-attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccines against challenge with infectious bronchitis viruses of heterologous serotypes","volume":"28","author":"Cook","year":"1999","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_12","article-title":"Transient dominant selection for the modification and generation of recombinant infectious bronchitis coronaviruses","volume":"1282","author":"Keep","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.04.021","article-title":"Cellular host transcriptional responses to influenza A virus in chicken tracheal organ cultures differ from responses in in vivo infected trachea","volume":"132","author":"Reemers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armesto, M., Cavanagh, D., and Britton, P. (2009). The replicase gene of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus is a determinant of pathogenicity. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007384"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00801","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00801-13","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis virus generates spherules from zippered endoplasmic reticulum membranes","volume":"4","author":"Maier","year":"2013","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staines, K., Batra, A., Mwangi, W., Maier, H.J., Van Borm, S., Young, J.R., Fife, M., and Butter, C. (2016). A versatile panel of reference gene assays for the measurement of chicken mRNA by quantitative PCR. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160173"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0354-9","article-title":"Productive replication of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus in peripheral blood monocytic cells, a strategy for viral dissemination and kidney infection in chickens","volume":"47","author":"Reddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey, C.C., Huang, I.C., Kam, C., and Farzan, M. (2012). Ifitm3 limits the severity of acute influenza in mice. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002909"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10921","article-title":"IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza","volume":"484","author":"Everitt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Everitt, A.R., Clare, S., McDonald, J.U., Kane, L., Harcourt, K., Ahras, M., Lall, A., Hale, C., Rodgers, A., and Young, D.B. (2013). Defining the range of pathogens susceptible to Ifitm3 restriction using a knockout mouse model. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080723"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.3390\/v6093683","article-title":"IFITM proteins inhibit entry driven by the MERS-coronavirus spike protein: Evidence for cholesterol-independent mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Wrensch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6756","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320856111","article-title":"Interferon induction of IFITM proteins promotes infection by human coronavirus OC43","volume":"111","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459608419141","article-title":"Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of renal lesions due to infectious bronchitis virus in chicks","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459108418805","article-title":"Detection of viral antigen following exposure of one-day-old chickens to the Holland 52 strain of infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"20","author":"Owen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cong, F., Liu, X., Han, Z., Shao, Y., Kong, X., and Liu, S. (2013). Transcriptome analysis of chicken kidney tissues following coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus infection. BMC Genom., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-743"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2307\/1592178","article-title":"Isolation and identification of infectious bronchitis virus from chickens in Sichuan, China","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.12.009","article-title":"Infection of the tracheal epithelium by infectious bronchitis virus is sialic acid dependent","volume":"10","author":"Winter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02671-14","article-title":"Activation of the chicken type I interferon response by infectious bronchitis coronavirus","volume":"89","author":"Kint","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12047","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01057-15","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis coronavirus inhibits STAT1 signaling and requires accessory proteins for resistance to type I interferon activity","volume":"89","author":"Kint","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7519","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00627-16","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis coronavirus limits interferon production by inducing a host shutoff that requires accessory protein 5b","volume":"90","author":"Kint","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001130","article-title":"Deletion of accessory genes 3a, 3b, 5a or 5b from avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus induces an attenuated phenotype both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"99","author":"Laconi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/8\/918\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:58:55Z","timestamp":1760176735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/8\/918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["genes11080918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes11080918","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]}}}