{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:26:35Z","timestamp":1780964795484,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIN 2010\u20132011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2010\u20132011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food consumption allows the entrance of bacteria and their antibiotic resistance (AR) genes into the human oral cavity. To date, very few studies have examined the influence of diet on the composition of the salivary microbiota, and even fewer investigations have specifically aimed to assess the impact of different long-term diets on the salivary resistome. In this study, the saliva of 144 healthy omnivores, ovo-lacto-vegetarians, and vegans were screened by nested PCR for the occurrence of 12 genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B, vancomycin, and \u03b2-lactams. The tet(W), tet(M), and erm(B) genes occurred with the highest frequencies. Overall, no effect of diet on AR gene distribution was seen. Some differences emerged at the recruiting site level, such as the higher frequency of erm(C) in the saliva of the ovo-lacto-vegetarians and omnivores from Bologna and Turin, respectively, and the higher occurrence of tet(K) in the saliva of the omnivores from Bologna. A correlation of the intake of milk and cheese with the abundance of tet(K) and erm(C) genes was seen. Finally, when the occurrence of the 12 AR genes was evaluated along with geographical location, age, and sex as sources of variability, high similarity among the 144 volunteers was seen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11091088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T07:27:33Z","timestamp":1600414053000},"page":"1088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Saliva of Healthy Omnivores, Ovo-Lacto-Vegetarians, and Vegans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8548-366X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesna","family":"Milanovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Aquilanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Tavoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Garofalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Osimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3474-2884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"De Filippis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy"},{"name":"Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Ercolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy"},{"name":"Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1657-0054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilario","family":"Ferrocino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella Di","family":"Cagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Libera Universit\u00e0 di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2345-9482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Turroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5759-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Lazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9178-5274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Clementi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2002.1o816.x","article-title":"Saliva-the defender of the oral cavity","volume":"8","author":"Amerongen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason, M.R., Nagaraja, H.N., Camerlengo, T., Joshi, V., and Kumar, P.S. (2013). Deep sequencing identifies ethnicity-specific bacterial signatures in the oral microbiome. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077287"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The oral microbiota: Dynamic communities and host interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis, J.R., and Gabald\u00f3n, T. (2020). The human oral microbiome in health and disease: From sequences to ecosystems. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020308"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2014.12.018","article-title":"Distribution of genes related to antimicrobial resistance in different oral environments: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Moraes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200403000-00004","article-title":"Geographical differences in bacteria detected in endodontic infections using polymerase chain reaction","volume":"30","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0902-0055.2003.00116.x","article-title":"Microbiological examination of infected dental root canals","volume":"19","author":"Gomes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, A.L., Siqueira, J.F., R\u00f4\u00e7as, I.N., Jesus, E.C., Rosado, A.S., and Tiedje, J.M. (2011). Comparing the bacterial diversity of acute and chronic dental root canal infections. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028088"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piombino, P., Genovese, A., Esposito, S., Moio, L., Cutolo, P.P., Chambery, A., Severino, V., Moneta, E., Smith, D.P., and Owens, S.M. (2014). Saliva from obese individuals suppresses the release of aroma compounds from wine. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085611"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Filippis, F., Vannini, L., La Storia, A., Laghi, L., Piombino, P., Stellato, G., Serrazanetti, D.I., Gozzi, G., Turroni, S., and Ferrocino, I. (2014). The same microbiota and a potentially discriminant metabolome in the saliva of omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112373"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00777-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00777-20","article-title":"A mediterranean diet intervention reduces the levels of salivary periodontopathogenic bacteria in overweight and obese subjects","volume":"86","author":"Laiola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24207-3","article-title":"Impact of a vegan diet on the human salivary microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00542-10","article-title":"The human oral microbiome","volume":"192","author":"Dewhirst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2497","article-title":"Genetic exchange between oral streptococci during mixed growth","volume":"130","author":"Kuramitsu","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2005.00030.x","article-title":"Food commensal microbes as a potentially important avenue in transmitting antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"254","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tansirichaiya, S., Rahman, M.A., Antepowicz, A., Mullany, P., and Roberts, A.P. (2016). Detection of novel integrons in the metagenome of human saliva. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157605"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.1.6-10.1999","article-title":"Fate of free DNA and transformation of the oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonii DL1 by plasmid DNA in human saliva","volume":"65","author":"Mercer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3380","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance","volume":"13","author":"Blair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10072643","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in the food chain: A review","volume":"10","author":"Verraes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.11.2395","article-title":"Ready-to-eat shrimp as an international vehicle of antibiotic-resistant bacteria","volume":"68","author":"Duran","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00740-7","article-title":"Prevalence and identification of tetracycline-resistant oral bacteria in children not receiving antibiotic therapy","volume":"228","author":"Lancaster","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.3.878-882.2003","article-title":"Prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in oral bacteria","volume":"47","author":"Villedieu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0028","article-title":"Screening fecal enterococci from Greek healthy infants for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents","volume":"18","author":"Kirtzalidou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00112.x","article-title":"Presence of specific antibiotic (tet) resistance genes in infant faecal microbiota","volume":"48","author":"Gueimonde","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2010.0007","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in faecal microbiota of Greek healthy infants","volume":"1","author":"Mitsou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00754","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance genes in food and gut (non-pathogenic) bacteria. Bad genes in good bugs","volume":"5","author":"Aarts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00173","article-title":"Food and human gut as reservoirs of transferable antibiotic resistance encoding genes","volume":"4","author":"Rolain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3399","article-title":"What is a resistance gene?","volume":"13","author":"Martinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milanovi\u0107, V., Osimani, A., Aquilanti, L., Tavoletti, S., Garofalo, C., Polverigiani, S., Litta-Mulondo, A., Cocolin, L., Ferrocino, I., and Di Cagno, R. (2017). Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in the faecal DNA of healthy omnivores, ovo-lacto vegetarians and vegans. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 61.","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201601098"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14422-w","article-title":"Abundance and diversity of resistomes differ between healthy human oral cavities and gut","volume":"11","author":"Carr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309957","article-title":"High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome","volume":"65","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrocino, I., Di Cagno, R., De Angelis, M., Turroni, S., Vannini, L., Bancalari, E., Rantsiou, K., Cardinali, G., Neviani, E., and Cocolin, L. (2015). Fecal microbiota in healthy subjects following omnivore, vegetarian and vegan diets: Culturable populations and rRNA DGGE profiling. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128669"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milanovi\u0107, V., Osimani, A., Cardinali, F., Litta-Mulondo, A.G., Vignaroli, C., Citterio, B., Mangiaterra, G., Aquilanti, L., Garofalo, C., and Biavasco, F. (2019). Erythromycin-resistant lactic acid bacteria in the healthy gut of vegans, ovo-lacto vegetarians and omnivores. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220549"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.07.015","article-title":"Direct detection of antibiotic resistance genes in specimens of chicken and pork meat","volume":"113","author":"Garofalo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1614","article-title":"The antibiotic resistome: The nexus of chemical and genetic diversity","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.09.007","article-title":"The agri-food chain and antimicrobial resistance: A review","volume":"69","author":"Hudson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Food. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.08.001","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in foodborne bacteria","volume":"84","author":"Manageiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2011.03.021","article-title":"Recent investigations and updated criteria for the assessment of antibiotic resistance in food lactic acid bacteria","volume":"17","author":"Clementi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2017). ECDC\/EFSA\/EMA second joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals. EFSA J., 15, 4872.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4872"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01534","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis from food, flinical specimens, and oral sites: Prevalence of virulence factors in association with biofilm formation","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00221.x","article-title":"Determining the antibiotic resistance potential of the indigenous oral microbiota of humans using a metagenomic approach","volume":"258","author":"Villedieu","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2009.0916","article-title":"Distribution of tetracycline and erythromycin resistance genes among human oral and fecal metagenomic DNA","volume":"15","author":"Seville","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516648944","article-title":"Metagenomic insights into transferable antibiotic resistance in oral bacteria","volume":"95","author":"Sukumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Card, R.M., Warburton, P.J., MacLaren, N., Mullany, P., Allan, E., and Anjum, M.F. (2014). Application of microarray and functional-based screening methods for the detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in the microbiomes of healthy humans. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086428"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2006.01190.x","article-title":"Distribution of specific tetracycline and erythromycin resistance genes in environmental samples assessed by macroarray detection","volume":"9","author":"Patterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0483-9","article-title":"Relationship between tetracycline antibiotic susceptibility and genotype in oral cavity lactobacilli clinical isolates","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1006\/plas.1993.1045","article-title":"The tet(K) gene of plasmid pT181 of Staphylococcus aureus encodes an efflux protein that contains 14 transmembrane helices","volume":"30","author":"Guay","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"292","article-title":"Relationship between two tetracycline resistance plasmids of Staphylococcus aureus in Korea","volume":"6","author":"Moon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.6.2298-2301.2004","article-title":"Genetic basis of erythromycin resistance in oral bacteria","volume":"48","author":"Villedieu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"EMA (European Medicines Agency) (2019). Sales of Veterinary Antimicrobial Agents in 31 European Countries in 2017, European Medicines Agency. Trends from 2010 to 2017; Ninth ESVAC report; EMA\/294674\/2019;."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2015.45.6.223","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility and pathogenic genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the oral cavity of patients with periodontitis","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Implant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-011-0236-3","article-title":"Detection of disinfectant and antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the oral cavity of Tunisian children","volume":"62","author":"Zmantar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601610010089","article-title":"Prevalence of beta-lactam (bla tem) and metronidazole (nim) resistance genes in the oral cavity of Greek subjects","volume":"10","author":"Koukos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(03)00176-4","article-title":"Comparison of enterococcal populations in animals, humans, and the environment\u2014A European study","volume":"88","author":"Iversen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2006.00349.x","article-title":"Recovery of Enterococcus faecalis from cheese in the oral cavity of healthy subjects","volume":"22","author":"Razavi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1369","article-title":"Understanding the human salivary metabolome","volume":"22","author":"Takeda","year":"2009","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2012.11.013","article-title":"Biodiversity and characterization of indigenous coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from raw milk and cheese of North Italy","volume":"34","author":"Ruaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2019.106030","article-title":"Coagulase negative staphylococci from ovine milk: Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of susceptibility to antibiotics, disinfectants and biofilm production","volume":"83","author":"Turchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"746859","article-title":"Molecular identification and quantification of tetracycline and erythromycin resistance genes in Spanish and Italian retail cheeses","volume":"2014","author":"Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.09.021","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and microbial composition along the manufacturing process of Mozzarella di Bufala Campana","volume":"128","author":"Devirgiliis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.004","article-title":"S. epidermidis strains from artisanal cheese made from unpasteurized milk in Poland\u2013genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants","volume":"294","author":"Zadernowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.17221\/1856-VETMED","article-title":"Sauer. Resistance to erythromycin of Staphylococcus spp. isolates from the food chain","volume":"53","author":"Schlegelova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Ytreland, K.J. (2016). Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance in Dental Practice. [Master\u2019s Thesis, UIT, The Arctic University of Norway]."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.05.051","article-title":"Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants","volume":"157","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"FAO\/OIE\/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Organization for Animal Health, World Health Organization) (2016). The Fao Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2016\u20132020: Supporting The Food and Agriculture Sectors in Implementing the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance to Minimize the Impact of Antimicrobial Resistance, FAO."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/9\/1088\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:11:13Z","timestamp":1760177473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/9\/1088"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["genes11091088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes11091088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]}}}