{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:20:40Z","timestamp":1772637640720,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a severe disease caused by various bacterial pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) protect humans from invading pathogens. In this study, we determined whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TLR4 and TLR9 are associated with susceptibility to and outcome of BM in Angolan children. Samples were taken from 241 patients and 265 age-matched ethnic controls. The SNPs TLR4 rs4986790 (896A &gt; G) and TLR9 rs187084 (\u22121486T &gt; C) were determined by high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA). The frequency of variant genotypes in TLR4 was significantly higher in patients with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis than controls (odds ratio (OR), 2.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2\u20135.4; p = 0.021), whereas the frequency of variant genotypes in TLR9 was significantly lower in patients with H. influenzae meningitis than controls (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2\u20130.9; p = 0.036). No such differences were found with other causative pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. At the time of discharge, patients with meningitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria who were carriers of variant TLR4 genotypes had a higher risk of ataxia (OR, 12.91; 95% CI, 1.52\u2013109.80; p = 0.019) and other neurological sequelae (OR, 11.85; 95% CI, 1.07\u2013131.49; p = 0.044) than those with the wild-type TLR4 genotype. Our study suggests an association between H. influenzae meningitis and genetic variation between TLR4 and TLR9 in Angolan children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11091099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T08:18:01Z","timestamp":1600676281000},"page":"1099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Gene Polymorphisms of TLR4 and TLR9 and Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis in Angolan Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elina","family":"Tenhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center of Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Ter\u00e4sj\u00e4rvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center of Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel Leite","family":"Cruzeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Pedi\u00e1trico David Bernardino,  Luanda 00000, Angola"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Okko","family":"Savonius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Rugemalira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0020-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irmeli","family":"Roine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University Diego Portales,  Santiago 8370109, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiushui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center of Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7688-9059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuula","family":"Pelkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Pedi\u00e1trico David Bernardino,  Luanda 00000, Angola"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30064-X","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of bacterial meningitis: A time-series analysis","volume":"4","author":"Paireau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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