{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T21:48:20Z","timestamp":1770328100733,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009053","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1177156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1177156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101893\/Z\/13\/Z; 217188\/Z\/19\/Z;"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101893\/Z\/13\/Z; 217188\/Z\/19\/Z;"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pyrethroid resistance in major malaria vectors such as Anopheles funestus threatens malaria control efforts in Africa. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic resistance is best understood for CYP6P9 genes in southern Africa in An. funestus. However, we do not know if this resistance mechanism is spreading across Africa and how it relates to broader patterns of gene flow across the continent. Nucleotide diversity of the CYP6P9a gene and the diversity pattern of five gene fragments spanning a region of 120 kb around the CYP6P9a gene were surveyed in mosquitoes from southern, eastern and central Africa. These analyses revealed that a Cyp6P9a resistance-associated allele has swept through southern and eastern Africa and is now fixed in these regions. A similar diversity profile was observed when analysing genomic regions located 34 kb upstream to 86 kb downstream of the CYP6P9a locus, concordant with a selective sweep throughout the rp1 locus. We identify reduced gene flow between southern\/eastern Africa and central Africa, which we hypothesise is due to the Great Rift Valley. These potential barriers to gene flow are likely to prevent or slow the spread of CYP6P9-based resistance mechanism to other parts of Africa and would to be considered in future vector control interventions such as gene drive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11111314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T19:38:41Z","timestamp":1604605121000},"page":"1314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["CYP6P9-Driven Signatures of Selective Sweep of Metabolic Resistance to Pyrethroids in the Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus Reveal Contemporary Barriers to Gene Flow"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7818-6245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia Doreen","family":"Djuicy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591 Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3358-4949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Hearn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1683-8057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magellan","family":"Tchouakui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591 Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murielle J.","family":"Wondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591 Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Irving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredros O.","family":"Okumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53 Ifakara 67501, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0791-3673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles S.","family":"Wondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591 Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1734-y","article-title":"Geographical distributions of African malaria vector sibling species and evidence for insecticide resistance","volume":"16","author":"Wiebe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8009215","article-title":"Vector biology and the control of malaria in Africa","volume":"264","author":"Collins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90249-2","article-title":"The bionomics of Anopheles funestus and its role in malaria transmission in a forested area of southern Cameroon","volume":"91","author":"Manga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans. 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