{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T19:09:48Z","timestamp":1770836988661,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Key Research and Development Project of Jiangsu","award":["BE2015330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2015330"]}]},{"name":"the Agricultural Independent Innovation Project of Jiangsu","award":["CX(17)2027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(17)2027"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Project of Huaian","award":["HAN201811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HAN201811"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral vaccination is a practical method for the active immunization of farmed fish in the matter of animal welfare and handling costs. However, it always shows insufficient protective immunity, mainly due to antigen degradation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Bacillus subtilis spores have been shown to be able to protect surface-display heterologous antigens against degradation. Neverthless, the spores can germinate in GIT, which causes loss of the antigens with spore coat disassembly. Here, we developed a novel surface display system using the B. subtilis spore coat proteins CotB and CotC as anchors for the heterogenous antigen, and the germination-controlling genes cwlJ and sleB as the ectopic integration sites for the fusion genes. Using this display system, we engineered germination-arrest spores displaying the model antigen Vp7 of grass carp reovirus (GCRV) on their surface. Oral vaccination of the engineered spores could confer immune protection against GCRV in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) via eliciting adaptive humoral and cellular immune responses. Most importantly, the germination-arrest spores were shown to significantly augment immunogenicity and protection above the engineered spores based on the existing surface display system. Therefore, the presently reported antigen expression strategy opens new and promising avenues for developing oral vaccines for the immunization of farmed fish species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11111351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T21:48:52Z","timestamp":1605563332000},"page":"1351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Germination-Arrest Bacillus subtilis Spores as An Oral Delivery Vehicle of Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) Vp7 Antigen Augment Protective Immunity in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huai\u2019an Research Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huai\u2019an 223005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huai\u2019an Research Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huai\u2019an 223005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Jiangsu Center of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huai\u2019an Research Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huai\u2019an 223005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Degang","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huai\u2019an Research Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huai\u2019an 223005, China"},{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.05.029","article-title":"Status and future perspectives of vaccines for industrialised fin-fish farming","volume":"35","author":"Brudeseth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-013-0186-4","article-title":"Viral vaccines for farmed finfish","volume":"25","author":"Dhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0561-7","article-title":"Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. 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