{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:30:24Z","timestamp":1790692224424,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL042630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL042630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL049277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL049277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis in different vascular locations leads to distinct clinical consequences, such as ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Genome-wide association studies in humans revealed that genetic loci responsible for carotid plaque and coronary artery disease were not overlapping, suggesting that distinct genetic pathways might be involved for each location. While elevated plasma cholesterol is a common risk factor, plaque development in different vascular beds is influenced by hemodynamics and intrinsic vascular integrity. Despite the limitation of species differences, mouse models provide platforms for unbiased genetic approaches. Mouse strain differences also indicate that susceptibility to atherosclerosis varies, depending on vascular locations, and that the location specificity is genetically controlled. Quantitative trait loci analyses in mice suggested candidate genes, including Mertk and Stab2, although how each gene affects the location-specific atherosclerosis needs further elucidation. Another unbiased approach of single-cell transcriptome analyses revealed the presence of a small subpopulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which are \u201chyper-responsive\u201d to inflammatory stimuli. These cells are likely the previously-reported Sca1+ progenitor cells, which can differentiate into multiple lineages in plaques. Further spatiotemporal analyses of the progenitor cells are necessary, since their distribution pattern might be associated with the location-dependent plaque development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11121427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T03:51:16Z","timestamp":1606535476000},"page":"1427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Atherosclerosis in Different Vascular Locations Unbiasedly Approached with Mouse Genetics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yukako","family":"Kayashima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7525, 701 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyo","family":"Maeda-Smithies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7525, 701 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.3.836","article-title":"Effects of coronary heart disease risk factors on atherosclerosis of selected regions of the aorta and right coronary artery. PDAY Research Group. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth","volume":"20","author":"McGill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaffari, S., Jang, E., Nabi, F.N., Sanwal, R., Khosraviani, N., Wang, C., Steinberg, B.E., Goldenberg, N.M., Ikeda, J., and Lee, W.L. (2020). Endothelial HMGB1 Is a Critical Regulator of LDL Transcytosis via an SREBP2-SR-BI Axis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314557"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1605","article-title":"Many little things: One geneticist\u2019s view of complex diseases","volume":"6","author":"Smithies","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.21.2035","article-title":"Hemodynamic shear stress and its role in atherosclerosis","volume":"282","author":"Malek","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700215","article-title":"The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Cunningham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301","article-title":"Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and the Pathobiology of Atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Gimbrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.20.4.511","article-title":"Autopsy Studies in Atherosclerosis.1. Distribution and Severity of Atherosclerosis in Patients Dying without Morphologic Evidence of Atherosclerotic Catastrophe","volume":"20","author":"Roberts","year":"1959","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.20.4.520","article-title":"Autopsy Studies in Atherosclerosis.2. Distribution and Severity of Atherosclerosis in Patients Dying with Morphologic Evidence of Atherosclerotic Catastrophe","volume":"20","author":"Roberts","year":"1959","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1958.01280200104012","article-title":"Fate of aortic homografts in experimental canine atherosclerosis; study of fresh thoracic implants into abdominal aorta","volume":"76","author":"Haimovici","year":"1958","journal-title":"AMA Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1959.04320020061010","article-title":"Fate of aortic homografts in experimental canine atherosclerosis. II. Study of fresh abdominal aortic implants into abdominal aorta","volume":"78","author":"Haimovici","year":"1959","journal-title":"AMA Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1964.01320060029006","article-title":"Fate of Aortic Homografts in Canine Atherosclerosis. 3. Study of Fresh Abdominal and Thoracic Aortic Implants into Thoracic Aorta: Role of Tissue Susceptibility in Atherogenesis","volume":"89","author":"Haimovici","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.8.1998","article-title":"Associations of coronary heart disease risk factors with the intermediate lesion of atherosclerosis in youth. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group","volume":"20","author":"McGill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"9","article-title":"Do hypertension and diabetes mellitus influence the site of atherosclerotic plaques?","volume":"157","author":"Danese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-010-0049-5","article-title":"Plaque regression in one artery is not necessarily associated with parallel changes in other vascular beds","volume":"26","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8376","article-title":"Enhanced atherosclerosis and kidney dysfunction in eNOS(-\/-)Apoe(-\/-) mice are ameliorated by enalapril treatment","volume":"105","author":"Knowles","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1161\/hq0302.105287","article-title":"Aortic constriction exacerbates atherosclerosis and induces cardiac dysfunction in mice lacking apolipoprotein E","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000166600.58468.1b","article-title":"Calcification of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in the innominate arteries of ApoE-deficient mice: Potential role of chondrocyte-like cells","volume":"25","author":"Rattazzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.08.035","article-title":"The LDLR deficient mouse as a model for aortic calcification and quantification by micro-computed tomography","volume":"219","author":"Awan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.J., Lee, I.K., and Jeon, J.H. (2020). Vascular Calcification-New Insights Into Its Mechanism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082685"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-012110-142315","article-title":"Epigenetic control of smooth muscle cell differentiation and phenotypic switching in vascular development and disease","volume":"74","author":"Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012369454-6\/50070-4","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease: Mouse Models of Atherosclerosis","volume":"Volume III","author":"Maeda","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Mouse in Biomedical Research"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E67","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1565092","article-title":"Live Observation of Atherosclerotic Plaque Disruption in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mouse","volume":"1","author":"Daeichin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1160\/th15-07-0614","article-title":"Animal models for plaque rupture: A biomechanical assessment","volume":"115","author":"Hoogendoorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000047461.18902.80","article-title":"In silico quantitative trait locus map for atherosclerosis susceptibility in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(85)90138-8","article-title":"Variation in susceptibility to atherosclerosis among inbred strains of mice","volume":"57","author":"Paigen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.12.006","article-title":"Anatomical differences and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with 129\/SvEv and C57BL\/6 genetic backgrounds","volume":"195","author":"Maeda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.207175","article-title":"Aortic arch curvature and atherosclerosis have overlapping quantitative trait loci in a cross between 129S6\/SvEvTac and C57BL\/6J apolipoprotein E-null mice","volume":"106","author":"Tomita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kayashima, Y., Makhanova, N.A., Matsuki, K., Tomita, H., Bennett, B.J., and Maeda, N. (2015). Identification of aortic arch-specific quantitative trait loci for atherosclerosis by an intercross of DBA\/2J and 129S6 apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117478"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makhanova, N., Morgan, A.P., Kayashima, Y., Makhanov, A., Hiller, S., Zhilicheva, S., Xu, L., Pardo-Manuel de Villena, F., and Maeda, N. (2017). Genetic architecture of atherosclerosis dissected by QTL analyses in three F2 intercrosses of apolipoprotein E-null mice on C57BL6\/J, DBA\/2J and 129S6\/SvEvTac backgrounds. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182882"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09270","article-title":"Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids","volume":"466","author":"Teslovich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1241","article-title":"A decade of genome-wide association studies for coronary artery disease: The challenges ahead","volume":"114","author":"Erdmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.189522","article-title":"Functional analysis of the chromosome 9p21.3 coronary artery disease risk locus","volume":"29","author":"Jarinova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.920","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies from the CHARGE consortium identifies common variants associated with carotid intima media thickness and plaque","volume":"43","author":"Bis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1524","article-title":"Positional identification of TNFSF4, encoding OX40 ligand, as a gene that influences atherosclerosis susceptibility","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1056","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00366.2011","article-title":"Characterization of Ath29, a major mouse atherosclerosis susceptibility locus, and identification of Rcn2 as a novel regulator of cytokine expression","volume":"301","author":"Manichaikul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14235","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1835672100","article-title":"A20, a regulator of NFkappaB, maps to an atherosclerosis locus and differs between parental sensitive C57BL\/6J and resistant FVB\/N strains","volume":"100","author":"Idel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.165654","article-title":"Increased ADAM17 mRNA expression and activity is associated with atherosclerosis resistance in LDL-receptor deficient mice","volume":"28","author":"Holdt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.230854","article-title":"Genetic basis of atherosclerosis: Insights from mice and humans","volume":"110","author":"Stylianou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c180038","article-title":"Dissecting Epistatic QTL for Blood Pressure in Rats: Congenic Strains versus Heterogeneous Stocks, a Reality Check","volume":"9","author":"Rapp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kayashima, Y., Tomita, H., Zhilicheva, S., Kim, S., Kim, H.S., Bennett, B.J., and Maeda, N. (2014). Quantitative trait loci affecting atherosclerosis at the aortic root identified in an intercross between DBA2J and 129S6 apolipoprotein E-null mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088274"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000149146.32385.1b","article-title":"Quantitative trait locus mapping of genetic modifiers of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice: Identification of a locus for metabolic syndrome and increased atherosclerosis on chromosome 4","volume":"25","author":"Seidelmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.167197","article-title":"Mertk receptor mutation reduces efferocytosis efficiency and promotes apoptotic cell accumulation and plaque necrosis in atherosclerotic lesions of apoe-\/-mice","volume":"28","author":"Thorp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.169078","article-title":"Defective mer receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in bone marrow cells promotes apoptotic cell accumulation and accelerates atherosclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Pouresmail","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309522","article-title":"DBA\/2J Haplotype on Distal Chromosome 2 Reduces Mertk Expression, Restricts Efferocytosis, and Increases Susceptibility to Atherosclerosis","volume":"37","author":"Kayashima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-019-09824-1","article-title":"Ectopic expression of the Stabilin2 gene triggered by an intracisternal A particle (IAP) element in DBA\/2J strain of mice","volume":"31","author":"Hiller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(94)05479-3","article-title":"Hyaluronan (HYAL-BV 5200) inhibits neo-intimal macrophage influx after balloon-catheter induced injury in the cholesterol-fed rabbit","volume":"114","author":"Ferns","year":"1995","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(03)00303-4","article-title":"Inhibition of arterial cells proliferation in vivo in injured arteries by hyaluronan fragments","volume":"171","author":"Chajara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2018.03.003","article-title":"Role of hyaluronan in atherosclerosis: Current knowledge and open questions","volume":"78\u201379","author":"Fischer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.116.037879","article-title":"Polygenic Control of Carotid Atherosclerosis in a BALB\/cJ \u00d7 SM\/J Intercross and a Combined Cross Involving Multiple Mouse Strains","volume":"7","author":"Grainger","year":"2017","journal-title":"G3 (Bethesda)"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.111310.110","article-title":"Genetic analysis of complex traits in the emerging Collaborative Cross","volume":"21","author":"Aylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-012-9414-2","article-title":"The Diversity Outbred mouse population","volume":"23","author":"Churchill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2019.04.003","article-title":"High-Diversity Mouse Populations for Complex Traits","volume":"35","author":"Saul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.099234.109","article-title":"A high-resolution association mapping panel for the dissection of complex traits in mice","volume":"20","author":"Bennett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R066944","article-title":"The Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel: A resource for systems genetics analyses of metabolic and cardiovascular traits","volume":"57","author":"Lusis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, B.J., Davis, R.C., Civelek, M., Orozco, L., Wu, J., Qi, H., Pan, C., Packard, R.R., Eskin, E., and Yan, M. (2015). Genetic Architecture of Atherosclerosis in Mice: A Systems Genetics Analysis of Common Inbred Strains. PLoS Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005711"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.114.014704","article-title":"High-resolution genetic mapping in the diversity outbred mouse population identifies Apobec1 as a candidate gene for atherosclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Smallwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"G3 (Bethesda)"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(83)90113-2","article-title":"Arterial geometry affects hemodynamics. A potential risk factor for athersoclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Friedman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3109\/03091909509030288","article-title":"The origin and significance of secondary flows in the aortic arch","volume":"19","author":"Black","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezs388","article-title":"A computational fluid dynamics study on geometrical influence of the aorta on haemodynamics","volume":"43","author":"Tse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121005","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4000168","article-title":"Differences in aortic arch geometry, hemodynamics, and plaque patterns between C57BL\/6 and 129\/SvEv mice","volume":"131","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.10.020","article-title":"Relationship between hemodynamics and atherosclerosis in aortic arches of apolipoprotein E-null mice on 129S6\/SvEvTac and C57BL\/6J genetic backgrounds","volume":"220","author":"Tomita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201541019","article-title":"Endothelial primary cilia inhibit atherosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Dinsmore","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsiao, C.J., Chang, C.H., Ibrahim, R.B., Lin, I.H., Wang, C.H., Wang, W.J., and Tsai, J.W. (2018). Gli2 modulates cell cycle re-entry through autophagy-mediated regulation of the length of primary cilia. J. Cell Sci., 131.","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.221218"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9349","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711382105","article-title":"A sonic hedgehog signaling domain in the arterial adventitia supports resident Sca1+ smooth muscle progenitor cells","volume":"105","author":"Passman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041059","article-title":"HHIPL1, a Gene at the 14q32 Coronary Artery Disease Locus, Positively Regulates Hedgehog Signaling and Promotes Atherosclerosis","volume":"140","author":"Aravani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.18.3.333","article-title":"Smooth muscle cell heterogeneity: Patterns of gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"18","author":"Shanahan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000105054.43931.f0","article-title":"Site specificity of atherosclerosis: Site-selective responses to atherosclerotic modulators","volume":"24","author":"VanderLaan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.141069","article-title":"Developmental basis of vascular smooth muscle diversity","volume":"27","author":"Majesky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1996.0229","article-title":"Smooth muscle lineage diversity in the chick embryo. Two types of aortic smooth muscle cell differ in growth and receptor-mediated transcriptional responses to transforming growth factor-beta","volume":"178","author":"Topouzis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy005","article-title":"New models to study vascular mural cell embryonic origin: Implications in vascular diseases","volume":"114","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2107","article-title":"Generation of human vascular smooth muscle subtypes provides insight into embryological origin-dependent disease susceptibility","volume":"30","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.310237","article-title":"Mining the Stiffness-Sensitive Transcriptome in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Identifies Long Noncoding RNA Stiffness Regulators","volume":"38","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300539","article-title":"Embryological-origin-dependent differences in homeobox expression in adult aorta: Role in regional phenotypic variability and regulation of NF-kappaB activity","volume":"33","author":"Cheung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15700","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15700","article-title":"Single-cell profiling reveals heterogeneity and functional patterning of GPCR expression in the vascular system","volume":"8","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06891-x","article-title":"Disease-relevant transcriptional signatures identified in individual smooth muscle cells from healthy mouse vessels","volume":"9","author":"Dobnikar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI19628","article-title":"Abundant progenitor cells in the adventitia contribute to atherosclerosis of vein grafts in ApoE-deficient mice","volume":"113","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000197793.83391.91","article-title":"Isolation of \u201cside population\u201d progenitor cells from healthy arteries of adult mice","volume":"26","author":"Sainz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.02315","article-title":"Vascular wall resident progenitor cells: A source for postnatal vasculogenesis","volume":"133","author":"Zengin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309322","article-title":"Differentiated Smooth Muscle Cells Generate a Subpopulation of Resident Vascular Progenitor Cells in the Adventitia Regulated by Klf4","volume":"120","author":"Majesky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309799","article-title":"Extensive Proliferation of a Subset of Differentiated, yet Plastic, Medial Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Contributes to Neointimal Formation in Mouse Injury and Atherosclerosis Models","volume":"119","author":"Chappell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobsen, K., Lund, M.B., Shim, J., Gunnersen, S., Fuchtbauer, E.M., Kjolby, M., Carramolino, L., and Bentzon, J.F. (2017). Diverse cellular architecture of atherosclerotic plaque derives from clonal expansion of a few medial SMCs. JCI Insight, 2.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.95890"}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/12\/1427\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:38:43Z","timestamp":1760179123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/12\/1427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["genes11121427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes11121427","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]}}}