{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:19:20Z","timestamp":1792804760176,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Research","award":["No. 14-2015-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 14-2015-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cb3km46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2014M3C9A3064552 & NRF-2017R1D1A3B03033533 & NRF-2017M3C7A1027467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2014M3C9A3064552 & NRF-2017R1D1A3B03033533 & NRF-2017M3C7A1027467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"KRIBB Initiative Program","award":["KRIBB Initiative Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KRIBB Initiative Program"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable condition caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors such as de novo and inherited variants, as well as rare or common variants among hundreds of related genes. Previous genome-wide association studies have identified susceptibility genes; however, most ASD-associated genes remain undiscovered. This study aimed to examine rare de novo variants to identify genetic risk factors of ASD using whole exome sequencing (WES), functional characterization, and genetic network analyses of identified variants using Korean familial dataset. We recruited children with ASD and their biological parents. The clinical best estimate diagnosis of ASD was made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5TM), using comprehensive diagnostic instruments. The final analyses included a total of 151 individuals from 51 families. Variants were identified and filtered using the GATK Best Practices for bioinformatics analysis, followed by genome alignments and annotation to the reference genome assembly GRCh37 (liftover to GRCh38), and further annotated using dbSNP 154 build databases. To evaluate allele frequencies of de novo variants, we used the dbSNP, gnomAD exome v2.1.1, and genome v3.0. We used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA, Qiagen) software to construct networks using all identified de novo variants with known autism-related genes to find probable relationships. We identified 36 de novo variants with potential relations to ASD; 27 missense, two silent, one nonsense, one splice region, one splice site, one 5\u2032 UTR, and one intronic SNV and two frameshift deletions. We identified six networks with functional relationships. Among the interactions between de novo variants, the IPA assay found that the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway and its interacting genes were commonly observed at two networks. The relatively small cohort size may affect the results of novel ASD genes with de novo variants described in our findings. We did not conduct functional experiments in this study. Because of the diversity and heterogeneity of ASD, the primary purpose of this study was to investigate probable causative relationships between novel de novo variants and known autism genes. Additionally, we based functional relationships with known genes on network analysis rather than on statistical analysis. We identified new variants that may underlie genetic factors contributing to ASD in Korean families using WES and genetic network analyses. We observed novel de novo variants that might be functionally linked to ASD, of which the variants interact with six genetic networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T12:42:28Z","timestamp":1608640948000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies Novel De Novo Variants Interacting with Six Gene Networks in Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6361-274X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Namshin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7652-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoung Hyoun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0211-9350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won-Jun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwoong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soon Ae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Jeong","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi 13620, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/YPG.0000000000000150","article-title":"Family-based genetic association study of CNTNAP2 polymorphisms and sociality endophenotypes in Korean patients with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"27","author":"Yoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr. 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