{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T15:37:08Z","timestamp":1771342628122,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI15\/00484, PI18\/00151, CP16\/00046, FI19\/00043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI15\/00484, PI18\/00151, CP16\/00046, FI19\/00043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Funds","award":["PI15\/00484, PI18\/00151, CP16\/00046, FI19\/00043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI15\/00484, PI18\/00151, CP16\/00046, FI19\/00043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inherited optic neuropathies share visual impairment due to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as the hallmark of the disease. This group of genetic disorders are caused by mutations in nuclear genes or in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). An impaired mitochondrial function is the underlying mechanism of these diseases. Currently, optic neuropathies lack an effective treatment, and the implementation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology would entail a huge step forward. The generation of iPSC-derived RGCs would allow faithfully modeling these disorders, and these RGCs would represent an appealing platform for drug screening as well, paving the way for a proper therapy. Here, we review the ongoing two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) approaches based on iPSCs and their applications, taking into account the more innovative technologies, which include tissue engineering or microfluidics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12010112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T04:55:31Z","timestamp":1611032131000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hereditary Optic Neuropathies: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based 2D\/3D Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional con C\u00e9lulas iPS, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Enfermedades Raras, Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8699-8734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Esther","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional con C\u00e9lulas iPS, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2010.11.002","article-title":"Mitochondrial optic neuropathies\u2014Disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"30","author":"Griffiths","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. 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