{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:21:00Z","timestamp":1777594860098,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Multifocal occurrence is a main characteristic of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). Whether urothelial transformation is caused by monoclonal events within the urothelium, or by polyclonal unrelated events resulting in several tumor clones is still under debate. TERT promoter mutations are the most common somatic alteration identified in UBC. In this study, we analyzed different histological tissues from whole-organ mapping bladder cancer specimens to reveal TERT mutational status, as well as to discern how tumors develop. Methods: Up to 23 tissues from nine whole-organ mapping bladder tumor specimens, were tested for TERT promoter mutations including tumor associated normal urothelium, non-invasive urothelial lesions (hyperplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia), carcinoma in situ (CIS) and different areas of muscle invasive bladder cancers (MIBC). The mutational DNA hotspot region within the TERT promoter was analyzed by SNaPshot analysis including three hot spot regions (\u221257, \u2212124 or \u2212146). Telomere length was measured by the Relative Human Telomere Length Quantification qPCR Assay Kit. Results: TERT promoter mutations were identified in tumor associated normal urothelium as well as non-invasive urothelial lesions, CIS and MIBC. Analysis of separate regions of the MIBC showed 100% concordance of TERT promoter mutations within a respective whole-organ bladder specimen. Polyclonal events were observed in five out of nine whole-organ mapping bladder cancers housing tumor associated normal urothelium, non-invasive urothelial lesions and CIS where different TERT promoter mutations were found compared to MIBC. The remaining four whole-organ mapping bladders were monoclonal for TERT mutations. No significant differences of telomere length were observed. Conclusions: Examining multiple whole-organ mapping bladders we conclude that TERT promoter mutations may be an early step in bladder cancer carcinogenesis as supported by TERT mutations detected in tumor associated normal urothelium as well as non-invasive urothelial lesions. Since mutated TERT promoter regions within non-invasive urothelial lesions are not sufficient alone for the establishment of cancerous growth, this points to the contribution of other gene mutations as a requirement for tumor development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12020230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T08:33:48Z","timestamp":1612514028000},"page":"230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["TERT Promoter Mutation Analysis of Whole-Organ Mapping Bladder Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Veronika","family":"Weyerer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Eckstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela L.","family":"Strissel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Wullweber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabienne","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0612-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"T\u00f6gel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol I.","family":"Geppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danijel","family":"Sikic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9077-1727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helge","family":"Taubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Wach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Wullich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arndt","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Stoehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Giedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.08.052","article-title":"Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations in bladder cancer: High frequency across stages, detection in urine, and lack of association with outcome","volume":"65","author":"Allory","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. 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