{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:17:02Z","timestamp":1777591022826,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["205174\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["205174\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A or DYRK1A, contributes to central nervous system development in a dose-sensitive manner. Triallelic DYRK1A is implicated in the neuropathology of Down syndrome, whereas haploinsufficiency causes the rare DYRK1A-related intellectual disability syndrome (also known as mental retardation 7). It is characterised by intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder and microcephaly with a typical facial gestalt. Preclinical studies elucidate a role for DYRK1A in eye development and case studies have reported associated ocular pathology. In this study families of the DYRK1A Syndrome International Association were asked to self-report any co-existing ocular abnormalities. Twenty-six patients responded but only 14 had molecular confirmation of a DYRK1A pathogenic variant. A further nineteen patients from the UK Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project were identified and combined with 112 patients reported in the literature for further analysis. Ninety out of 145 patients (62.1%) with heterozygous DYRK1A variants revealed ocular features, these ranged from optic nerve hypoplasia (13%, 12\/90), refractive error (35.6%, 32\/90) and strabismus (21.1%, 19\/90). Patients with DYRK1A variants should be referred to ophthalmology as part of their management care pathway to prevent amblyopia in children and reduce visual comorbidity, which may further impact on learning, behaviour, and quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12020234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T14:04:13Z","timestamp":1612706653000},"page":"234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Ocular Phenotype Associated with DYRK1A Variants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2532-4004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"M\u00e9j\u00e9case","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V E9L, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Way","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V E9L, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5598-6274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V E9L, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1688-5360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariya","family":"Moosajee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V E9L, UK"},{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK"},{"name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK"},{"name":"The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)04069-6","article-title":"Dyrk1A expression pattern supports specific roles of this kinase in the adult central nervous system","volume":"964","author":"Altafaj","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arque, G., Casanovas, A., and Dierssen, M. 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