{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:40:47Z","timestamp":1790347247582,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFD0100704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0100704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31801884, 31972479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31801884, 31972479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Modern Agroindustry Technology Research System of China","award":["CARS-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-25"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China","award":["2018JQ3059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018JQ3059"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dirigent (DIR) proteins are induced under various stress conditions and involved in sterio- and regio-selective coupling of monolignol. A striking lack of information about dirigent genes in cucurbitaceae plants underscores the importance of functional characterization. In this study, 112 DIR genes were identified in six species, and 61 genes from major cultivated species were analyzed. DIRs were analyzed using various bioinformatics tools and complemented by expression profiling. Phylogenetic analysis segregated the putative DIRs into six distinctively known subgroups. Chromosomal mapping revealed uneven distribution of genes, whereas synteny analysis exhibited that duplication events occurred during gene evolution. Gene structure analysis suggested the gain of introns during gene diversification. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicates the participation of proteins in lignification and pathogen resistance activities. We also determined their organ-specific expression levels in three species revealing preferential expression in root and leaves. Furthermore, the number of CmDIR (CmDIR1, 6, 7 and 12) and ClDIR (ClDIR2, 5, 8, 9 and 17) genes exhibited higher expression in resistant cultivars after powdery mildew (PM) inoculation. In summary, based on the expression and in-silico analysis, we propose a role of DIRs in disease resistance mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12030326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T20:53:21Z","timestamp":1614200001000},"page":"326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Comparative Analysis, Characterization and Evolutionary Study of Dirigent Gene Family in Cucurbitaceae and Expression of Novel Dirigent Peptide against Powdery Mildew Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8259-6706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Agriculture Technology, Extension Center, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhua","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Changqing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin 300384, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2012.04337.x","article-title":"Metabolic engineering of novel lignin in biomass crops","volume":"196","author":"Vanholme","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcv046","article-title":"The cell biology of lignification in higher plants","volume":"115","author":"Barros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. 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