{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:51:53Z","timestamp":1777513913360,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2015\/19\/B\/NZ6\/02978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2015\/19\/B\/NZ6\/02978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mycobacterial nonhomologous end-joining pathway (NHEJ) involved in double-strand break (DSB) repair consists of the multifunctional ATP-dependent ligase LigD and the DNA bridging protein Ku. The other ATP-dependent ligases LigC and AEP-primase PrimC are considered as backup in this process. The engagement of LigD, LigC, and PrimC in the base excision repair (BER) process in mycobacteria has also been postulated. Here, we evaluated the sensitivity of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis mutants defective in the synthesis of Ku, Ku-LigD, and LigC1-LigC2-PrimC, as well as mutants deprived of all these proteins to oxidative and nitrosative stresses, with the most prominent effect observed in mutants defective in the synthesis of Ku protein. Mutants defective in the synthesis of LigD or PrimC\/LigC presented a lower frequency of spontaneous mutations than the wild-type strain or the strain defective in the synthesis of Ku protein. As identified by whole-genome sequencing, the most frequent substitutions in all investigated strains were T\u2192G and A\u2192C. Double substitutions, as well as insertions of T or CG, were exclusively identified in the strains carrying functional Ku and LigD proteins. On the other hand, the inactivation of Ku\/LigD increased the efficiency of the deletion of G in the mutant strain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12040547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T10:05:21Z","timestamp":1617962721000},"page":"547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ATP-Dependent Ligases and AEP Primases Affect the Profile and Frequency of Mutations in Mycobacteria under Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7335-9853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Brzostek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2703-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"G\u0105sior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"BioMedChem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and the Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4284-6827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Lach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"\u017bukowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"BioMedChem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and the Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3637-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Lechowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Korycka-Macha\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9752-4270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Strapagiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1427-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Dziadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021, April 08). 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