{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:52:44Z","timestamp":1777038764163,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) belongs to the Cetartiodactyla and, similarly to other cetaceans, represents the most successful mammalian colonization of the aquatic environment. Here we report a genomic, evolutionary, and expression study of T. truncatus T cell receptor beta (TRB) genes. Although the organization of the dolphin TRB locus is similar to that of the other artiodactyl species, with three in tandem D-J-C clusters located at its 3\u2032 end, its uniqueness is given by the reduction of the total length due essentially to the absence of duplications and to the deletions that have drastically reduced the number of the germline TRBV genes. We have analyzed the relevant mature transcripts from two subjects. The simultaneous availability of rearranged T cell receptor \u03b1 (TRA) and TRB cDNA from the peripheral blood of one of the two specimens, and the human\/dolphin amino acids multi-sequence alignments, allowed us to calculate the most likely interactions at the protein interface between the alpha\/beta heterodimer in complex with major histocompatibility class I (MH1) protein. Interacting amino acids located in the complementarity-determining region according to IMGT numbering (CDR-IMGT) of the dolphin variable V-alpha and beta domains were identified. According to comparative modelization, the atom pair contact sites analysis between the human MH1 grove (G) domains and the T cell receptor (TR) V domains confirms conservation of the structure of the dolphin TR\/pMH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12040571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T15:30:39Z","timestamp":1618414239000},"page":"571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The T Cell Receptor (TRB) Locus in Tursiops truncatus: From Sequence to Structure of the Alpha\/Beta Heterodimer in the Human\/Dolphin Comparison"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Linguiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Bari, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2482-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Kossida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMGT<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Laboratoire d\u2019ImmunoG\u00e9n\u00e9tique Mol\u00e9culaire (LIGM), Institut de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Humaine (IGH), 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1816-548X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciro Leonardo","family":"Pierri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"BROWSer S.r.l., 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joumana","family":"Jabado-Michaloud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMGT<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Laboratoire d\u2019ImmunoG\u00e9n\u00e9tique Mol\u00e9culaire (LIGM), Institut de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Humaine (IGH), 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geraldine","family":"Folch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMGT<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Laboratoire d\u2019ImmunoG\u00e9n\u00e9tique Mol\u00e9culaire (LIGM), Institut de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Humaine (IGH), 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2520-9073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serafina","family":"Massari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0116-9353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Paule","family":"Lefranc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMGT<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Laboratoire d\u2019ImmunoG\u00e9n\u00e9tique Mol\u00e9culaire (LIGM), Institut de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Humaine (IGH), 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3208-0730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatrice","family":"Ciccarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Bari, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5601-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachele","family":"Antonacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Bari, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063902","article-title":"Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: Hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan","volume":"293","author":"Gingerich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793105006743","article-title":"A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals (Cetartiodactyla)","volume":"80","author":"Price","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. 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