{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:06:23Z","timestamp":1790802383260,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]],"date-time":"2021-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intrauterine and postnatal growth disturbances are major clinical features of imprinting disorders, a molecularly defined group of congenital syndromes caused by molecular alterations affecting parentally imprinted genes. These genes are expressed monoallelically and in a parent-of-origin manner, and they have an impact on human growth and development. In fact, several genes with an exclusive expression from the paternal allele have been shown to promote foetal growth, whereas maternally expressed genes suppress it. The evolution of this correlation might be explained by the different interests of the maternal and paternal genomes, aiming for the conservation of maternal resources for multiple offspring versus extracting maximal maternal resources. Since not all imprinted genes in higher mammals show the same imprinting pattern in different species, the findings from animal models are not always transferable to human. Therefore, human imprinting disorders might serve as models to understand the complex regulation and interaction of imprinted loci. This knowledge is a prerequisite for the development of precise diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for patients affected by imprinting disorders. In this review we will specifically overview the current knowledge on imprinting disorders associated with growth retardation, and its increasing relevance in a personalised medicine direction and the need for a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12040585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T22:15:13Z","timestamp":1618784113000},"page":"585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Growth Restriction and Genomic Imprinting-Overlapping Phenotypes Support the Concept of an Imprinting Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8419-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Eggermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin H.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maith\u00e9","family":"Tauber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research centre of rare diseases PRADORT, Childrens Hospital, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse Institute of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051-Tolouse III University, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"van den Akker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Hokken-Koelega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center, Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudmundur","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ir\u00e8ne","family":"Netchine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, AP-HP, Armand Trousseau Hospital-Functional Endocrine Research Unit, INSERM, Research Centre Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne University, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.036061","article-title":"H19 acts as a trans regulator of the imprinted gene network controlling growth in mice","volume":"136","author":"Gabory","year":"2009","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a002592","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a002592","article-title":"Mammalian genomic imprinting","volume":"3","author":"Bartolomei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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