{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T08:56:27Z","timestamp":1769158587305,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Researcher Fellow 302622\/2017-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Researcher Fellow 302622\/2017-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNE, E26-202.569\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNE, E26-202.569\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006507","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOC-Fiotec (PAEF LPL)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOC-Fiotec (PAEF LPL)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006507","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Programa Print FIOCRUZ-CAPES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Programa Print FIOCRUZ-CAPES"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amaz\u00f4nia Ocidental","award":["INCT EpiAmO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INCT EpiAmO"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The description of the genus Leishmania as the causative agent of leishmaniasis occurred in the modern age. However, evolutionary studies suggest that the origin of Leishmania can be traced back to the Mesozoic era. Subsequently, during its evolutionary process, it achieved worldwide dispersion predating the breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent. It is assumed that this parasite evolved from monoxenic Trypanosomatidae. Phylogenetic studies locate dixenous Leishmania in a well-supported clade, in the recently named subfamily Leishmaniinae, which also includes monoxenous trypanosomatids. Virus-like particles have been reported in many species of this family. To date, several Leishmania species have been reported to be infected by Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) and Leishbunyavirus (LBV). Since the first descriptions of LRVs decades ago, differences in their genomic structures have been highlighted, leading to the designation of LRV1 in L. (Viannia) species and LRV2 in L. (Leishmania) species. There are strong indications that viruses that infect Leishmania spp. have the ability to enhance parasitic survival in humans as well as in experimental infections, through highly complex and specialized mechanisms. Phylogenetic analyses of these viruses have shown that their genomic differences correlate with the parasite species infected, suggesting a coevolutionary process. Herein, we will explore what has been described in the literature regarding the relationship between Leishmania and endosymbiotic Leishmania viruses and what is known about this association that could contribute to discussions about the worldwide dispersion of Leishmania.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12050657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T21:18:20Z","timestamp":1619558300000},"page":"657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Maze Pathway of Coevolution: A Critical Review over the Leishmania and Its Endosymbiotic History"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2376-4236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian Motta","family":"Cantanh\u00eade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Mata-Somarribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Chourabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Pereira da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Dias das Chagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8132-1724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiza","family":"de Oliveira R. Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2903-6280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"C\u00f4rtes Boit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0620-3250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Cupolillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2028-5","article-title":"The history of leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Steverding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2017.020","article-title":"Revised classification of the subfamily Leishmaniinae (Trypanosomatidae)","volume":"64","author":"Kostygov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016002092","article-title":"An appraisal of the taxonomy and nomenclature of trypanosomatids presently classified as Leishmania and Endotrypanum","volume":"145","author":"Espinosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0125-7","article-title":"Sequential blood meals promote Leishmania replication and reverse metacyclogenesis augmenting vector infectivity","volume":"3","author":"Serafim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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