{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:42:34Z","timestamp":1790602954347,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AdaptHuhn Initiative of the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","award":["N.N."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.N."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal disorders, including fractures and osteoporosis, in laying hens cause major welfare and economic problems. Although genetics have been shown to play a key role in bone integrity, little is yet known about the underlying genetic architecture of the traits. This study aimed to identify genes associated with bone breaking strength and bone mineral density of the tibiotarsus and the humerus in laying hens. Potentially informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified using Random Forests classification. We then searched for genes known to be related to bone stability in close proximity to the SNPs and identified 16 potential candidates. Some of them had human orthologues. Based on our findings, we can support the assumption that multiple genes determine bone strength, with each of them having a rather small effect, as illustrated by our SNP effect estimates. Furthermore, the enrichment analysis showed that some of these candidates are involved in metabolic pathways critical for bone integrity. In conclusion, the identified candidates represent genes that may play a role in the bone integrity of chickens. Although further studies are needed to determine causality, the genes reported here are promising in terms of alleviating bone disorders in laying hens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12050702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]],"date-time":"2021-05-09T21:32:46Z","timestamp":1620595966000},"page":"702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Identification and Functional Annotation of Genes Related to Bone Stability in Laying Hens Using Random Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9751-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Jansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Baulain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christin","family":"Habig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6637-1854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Ramzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Schauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4910-9467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin Otto","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7075-0067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin Manfred","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Reza","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annett","family":"Weigend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5670-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen","family":"Weigend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d6564","article-title":"The laying hen and bone fractures","volume":"169","author":"Sandilands","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. 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