{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:25:17Z","timestamp":1790835917525,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Failure of conventional anti-inflammatory therapies in osteoarthritis (OA) underlines the insufficient knowledge about inflammatory mechanisms, patterns and their relationship with cartilage degradation. Considering non-linear nature of cartilage loss in OA, a better understanding of inflammatory milieu and MMP status at different stages of OA is required to design early-stage therapies or personalized disease management. For this, an investigation based on a synovium-synovial fluid (SF) axis was planned to study OA associated changes in synovium and SF along the progressive grades of OA. Gene expressions in synovial-biopsies from different grades OA patients (N = 26) revealed a peak of IL-1\u03b2, IL-15, PGE2 and NGF in early OA (Kellgren\u2013Lawrence (KL) grade-I and II); the highest MMP levels were found in advanced stages (KL grade-III and IV). MMPs (MMP-1, 13, 2 and 9) abundance and FALGPA activity estimated in forty SFs of progressive grades showed the maximum protein levels and activity in KL grade-II and III. In an SF challenge test, SW982 and THP1 cells were treated with progressive grade SFs to study the dynamics of MMPs modulation in inflammatory microenvironment; the test yielded a result pattern, which matched with FALGPA and the protein-levels estimation. Inflammatory mediators in SFs served as steering factor for MMP up-regulation. A correlation-matrix of IL-1\u03b2 and MMPs revealed expressional negative correlation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12070989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T22:43:06Z","timestamp":1624920186000},"page":"989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Synovium-Synovial Fluid Axis in Osteoarthritis Pathology: A Key Regulator of the Cartilage Degradation Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dhanashri","family":"Ingale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, L Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7834-6277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Electricwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electricwala Hospital, A 4\/1, Pleasant Park, Fatima Nagar, Wanowrie, Pune 411013, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alpana","family":"Moghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Kamyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6091-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh","family":"Jagtap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4857-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aare","family":"Martson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, L Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Clinic of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, L Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6087-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sulev","family":"Koks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhay","family":"Harsulkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Erandwane, Pune 411038, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.136","article-title":"Low-grade inflammation as a key mediator of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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