{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T02:47:25Z","timestamp":1784861245444,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Government of the Russian Federation","award":["14.Z50.31.0027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14.Z50.31.0027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent research has provided evidence on genome-wide alterations in DNA methylation patterns due to trisomy 21, which have been detected in various tissues of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) across different developmental stages. Here, we report new data on the systematic genome-wide DNA methylation perturbations in blood cells of individuals with DS from a previously understudied age group\u2014young children. We show that the study findings are highly consistent with those from the prior literature. In addition, utilizing relevant published data from two other developmental stages, neonatal and adult, we track a quasi-longitudinal trend in the DS-associated DNA methylation patterns as a systematic epigenomic destabilization with age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12081115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T10:31:44Z","timestamp":1627036304000},"page":"1115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["DNA Methylation Alterations in Blood Cells of Toddlers with Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0889-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oxana Yu.","family":"Naumova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Lipschutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey Yu.","family":"Rychkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Zhukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena L.","family":"Grigorenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13200","article-title":"Domains of genome-wide gene expression dysregulation in Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"508","author":"Letourneau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-021-00387-7","article-title":"Stable DNMT3L overexpression in SH-SY5Y neurons recreates a facet of the genome-wide Down syndrome DNA methylation signature","volume":"14","author":"Laufer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2016-0138","article-title":"Trans-acting epigenetic effects of chromosomal aneuploidies: Lessons from Down syndrome and mouse models","volume":"9","author":"Do","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-015-0827-6","article-title":"Trans effects of chromosome aneuploidies on DNA methylation patterns in human Down syndrome and mouse models","volume":"16","author":"Mendioroz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, S., Lee, Y.K., Lim, Y.C., Zheng, Z., Lin, X.M., Ng, D.P., Holbrook, J.D., Law, H.Y., Kwek, K.Y., and Yeo, G.S. 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