{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T11:18:45Z","timestamp":1770635925303,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epigenetic factors are heritable and ultimately play a role in modulating gene expression and, thus, in regulating cell functions. Non-coding RNAs have growing recognition as novel biomarkers and crucial regulators of pathological conditions in humans. Their characteristic feature is being transcribed in a tissue-specific pattern. Now, there is emerging evidence that lncRNAs have been identified to be involved in the differentiation of human skin, wound healing, fibrosis, inflammation, and immunological response. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis, vascular abnormalities, and immune system activation. The pathogenesis remains elusive, but clinical manifestations reveal autoimmunity with the presence of specific autoantibodies, activation of innate and adaptive immunity, vascular changes, and active deposition of extracellular matrix components leading to fibrosis. The use of multi-omics studies, including NGS, RNA-seq, or GWAS, has proposed that the non-coding genome may be a significant player in its pathogenesis. Moreover, it may unravel new therapeutic targets in the future. The aim of this review is to show the pathogenic role of long non-coding RNAs in systemic sclerosis. Investigation of these transcripts\u2019 functions has the potential to elucidate the molecular pathology of SSc and provide new opportunities for drug-targeted therapy for this disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12091296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T22:12:22Z","timestamp":1629843142000},"page":"1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Non-Coding RNA in Systemic Sclerosis: A Valuable Tool for Translational and Personalized Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9592-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Rusek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology, Laboratory for Immunology of Skin Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3176-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Krasowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology, Laboratory for Immunology of Skin Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30933-9","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"390","author":"Denton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saveria Fioretto, B., Rosa, I., Romano, E., Wang, Y., Guiducci, S., Zhang, G., Manetti, M., and Matucci-Cerinic, M. (2020). The contribution of epigenetics to the pathogenesis and gender dimorphism of systemic sclerosis: A comprehensive overview. Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X20918456"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"202","article-title":"Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): Classification, subsets and pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"LeRoy","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14458","article-title":"European Dermatology Forum S1-guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of sclerosing diseases of the skin, Part 1: Localized scleroderma, systemic sclerosis and overlap syndromes","volume":"31","author":"Knobler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2014.05.010","article-title":"Mortality and survival in systemic sclerosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Royo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.09.053","article-title":"Antisense long non-coding RNAs are deregulated in skin tissue of patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"138","author":"Messemaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.11.004","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria of systemic sclerosis","volume":"48\u201349","author":"Hudson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-014-1131-8","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA in health and disease","volume":"92","author":"Maass","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2020.100044","article-title":"Involvement of long noncoding RNAs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases","volume":"3","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130312","article-title":"The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Katsumoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37988","article-title":"Review: Evidence that systemic sclerosis is a vascular disease","volume":"65","author":"Kahaleh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, C.-Y., Hsieh, S.-C., Wu, T.-H., Li, K.-J., Shen, C.-Y., Liao, H.-T., Wu, C.-H., Kuo, Y.-M., Lu, C.-S., and Yu, C.-L. (2020). Pathogenic roles of autoantibodies and aberrant epigenetic regulation of immune and connective tissue cells in the tissue fibrosis of patients with systemic sclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093069"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12673","article-title":"Current frontiers in systemic sclerosis pathogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Ciechomska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-014-1190-x","article-title":"Molecular and cellular basis of scleroderma","volume":"92","author":"Eckes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.02.001","article-title":"The role of epigenetic modifications in systemic sclerosis: A druggable target","volume":"25","author":"Henderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0322-7","article-title":"Shared and distinct mechanisms of fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Distler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2018.01.002","article-title":"Pathogenic roles of B lymphocytes in systemic sclerosis","volume":"195","author":"Yoshizaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek202010137","article-title":"Biomarkers of disease activity in systemic sclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Pawlik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wiad. Lek."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314558677","article-title":"Infections and autoimmunity: Role of human cytomegalovirus in autoimmune endothelial cell damage","volume":"24","author":"Dolcino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1038\/80533","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis immunoglobulin G autoantibodies bind the human cytomegalovirus late protein UL94 and induce apoptosis in human endothelial cells","volume":"6","author":"Lunardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.001","article-title":"Genetics, Epigenetics and Genomics of Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Salazar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13221","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in systemic sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Makino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21894","article-title":"Gene profiling of scleroderma skin reveals robust signatures of disease that are imperfectly reflected in the transcript profiles of explanted fibroblasts","volume":"54","author":"Gardner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12319","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1635114100","article-title":"Systemic and cell type-specific gene expression patterns in scleroderma skin","volume":"100","author":"Whitfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milano, A., Pendergrass, S.A., Sargent, J.L., George, L.K., McCalmont, T.H., Connolly, M.K., and Whitfield, M.L. (2008). Molecular subsets in the gene expression signatures of scleroderma skin. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/05bed72c-c6f6-4685-a732-02c78e5f66c2"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.472","article-title":"Intrinsic gene expression subsets of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis are stable in serial skin biopsies","volume":"132","author":"Pendergrass","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone, R.C., Chen, V., Burgess, J., Pannu, S., and Tomic-Canic, M. (2020). Genomics of human fibrotic diseases: Disordered wound healing response. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228590"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assassi, S., Radstake, T.R.D.J., Mayes, M.D., and Martin, J. (2013). Genetics of scleroderma: Implications for personalized medicine?. BMC Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-9"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202814","article-title":"Global chemokine expression in systemic sclerosis (SSc): CCL19 expression correlates with vascular inflammation in SSc skin","volume":"73","author":"Mathes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahoney, J.M., Taroni, J., Martyanov, V., Wood, T.A., Greene, C.S., Pioli, P.A., Hinchcliff, M.E., and Whitfield, M.L. (2015). Systems-level analysis of systemic sclerosis shows a network of immune and profibrotic pathways connected with genetic polymorphisms. PLoS Comput. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004005"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0099-0","article-title":"New insights into the genetics and epigenetics of systemic sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Angiolilli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01284","article-title":"Editorial: Role of epigenetics in autoimmune diseases","volume":"11","author":"Dolcino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw203","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs: A novel paradigm for toxicology","volume":"155","author":"Dempsey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D203","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1252","article-title":"NONCODE 2016: An informative and valuable data source of long non-coding RNAs","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21374","article-title":"An atlas of human long non-coding RNAs with accurate 5\u2019 ends","volume":"543","author":"Hon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3679","article-title":"RNA in unexpected places: Long non-coding RNA functions in diverse cellular contexts","volume":"14","author":"Geisler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150398","article-title":"Transcriptomics profiling of Alzheimer\u2019s disease reveal neurovascular defects, altered amyloid-\u03b2 homeostasis, and deregulated expression of long non-coding RNAs","volume":"48","author":"Magistri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.025","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs and atherosclerosis","volume":"248","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2015.12.003","article-title":"Progress and prospects of long non-coding RNAs in lipid homeostasis","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2015.12.009","article-title":"Landscape of long non-coding RNAs in psoriatic and healthy skin","volume":"136","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-106898","article-title":"Differential expression of glucocorticoid receptor non-coding RNA repressor Gas5 in autoimmune and inflammatory Diseases","volume":"48","author":"Mayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res. Horm. Stoffwechselforsch. Horm. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.8681","article-title":"Differential long non-coding RNA expression profiles in the peripheral blood and CD4(+) T cells of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolcino, M., Tinazzi, E., Puccetti, A., and Lunardi, C. (2019). In systemic sclerosis, a unique long non-coding RNA regulates genes and pathways involved in the three main features of the disease (vasculopathy, fibrosis and autoimmunity), and in carcinogenesis. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8030320"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.132159.111","article-title":"The GENCODE v7 catalog of human long non-coding RNAs: Analysis of their gene structure, evolution, and expression","volume":"22","author":"Derrien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-051410-092902","article-title":"Genome Regulation by long non-coding RNAs","volume":"81","author":"Rinn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.05.011","article-title":"\u201cCat\u2019s Cradling\u201d the 3D genome by the act of lncRNA transcription","volume":"62","author":"Rinn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00315-9","article-title":"Gene regulation by long non-coding RNAs and its biological functions","volume":"22","author":"Statello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2015.10","article-title":"Unique features of long non-coding RNA biogenesis and function","volume":"17","author":"Quinn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1515\/jib-2019-0027","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs and their integrated networks","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Integr. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2017.1304735","article-title":"SPAR, a lncRNA encoded mTORC1 inhibitor","volume":"16","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.116.030338","article-title":"A Genomic analysis of factors driving lincRNA diversification: Lessons from plants","volume":"6","author":"Nelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"G3"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anfossi, S., and Calin, G.A. (2020). When non-coding is not enough. J. Exp. Med., 217.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20192009"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21034","article-title":"mTORC1 and muscle regeneration are regulated by the LINC00961-encoded SPAR polypeptide","volume":"541","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10718","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10718","article-title":"Coding potential of circRNAs: New discoveries and challenges","volume":"9","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.03.001","article-title":"RNA\u2013RNA interactions in gene regulation: The coding and non-coding players","volume":"40","author":"Guil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.008","article-title":"The non-coding RNA revolution-trashing old rules to forge new ones","volume":"157","author":"Cech","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-7364-5-2-90","article-title":"Naming \u201cjunk\u201d: Human non-protein coding RNA (ncRNA) gene nomenclature","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.27473","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs as direct and indirect modulators of epigenetic regulation","volume":"9","author":"Peschansky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2016.12.005","article-title":"Transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation by long non-coding RNA","volume":"15","author":"Dykes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D174","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1060","article-title":"An update on LNCipedia: A database for annotated human lncRNA sequences","volume":"43","author":"Volders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2010.75.060","article-title":"Non-coding transcripts in sense and antisense orientation regulate the epigenetic state of ribosomal RNA genes","volume":"75","author":"Bierhoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.02.006","article-title":"Evolution and functions of long non-coding RNAs","volume":"136","author":"Ponting","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nitsche, A., and Stadler, P.F. (2017). Evolutionary clues in lncRNAs. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA, 8.","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1376"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayoumi, A.S., Sayed, A., Broskova, Z., Teoh, J.-P., Wilson, J., Su, H., Tang, Y.-L., and Kim, I. (2016). Crosstalk between long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs in health and disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030356"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13596","article-title":"A long non-coding RNA protects the heart from pathological hypertrophy","volume":"514","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.17446611","article-title":"Integrative annotation of human large intergenic non-coding RNAs reveals global properties and specific subclasses","volume":"25","author":"Cabili","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500264","article-title":"Cutting Edge: A natural antisense transcript, AS-IL1\u03b1, Controls inducible transcription of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1\u03b1","volume":"195","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.12.001","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs in innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"26","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.011","article-title":"Functional classification and experimental dissection of long non-coding RNAs","volume":"172","author":"Kopp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155124","article-title":"Deregulation of long non-coding RNAs ANCR, TINCR, HOTTIP and SPRY4-IT1 in plasma of systemic sclerosis patients: SPRY4-IT1 as a novel biomarker of scleroderma and its subtypes","volume":"133","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, D.C., and Wang, K.C. (2014). Long non-coding RNA: Significance and potential in skin biology. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a015404"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Han, C., Song, K., Chen, W., Ungerleider, N., Yao, L., Ma, W., and Wu, T. (2020). The long-noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling through formation of a lncRNA-protein complex with Smads, SETD2 and PPM1A in hepatic cells. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228160"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0045-7","article-title":"Regulation of microRNA function in animals","volume":"20","author":"Gebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Khan, A.Q., Ahmad, F., Raza, S.S., Zarif, L., Siveen, K.S., Sher, G., Agha, M.V., Rashid, K., Kulinski, M., and Buddenkotte, J. (2020). Role of non-coding RNAs in the progression and resistance of cutaneous malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salzman, J., Gawad, C., Wang, P.L., Lacayo, N., and Brown, P.O. (2012). Circular RNAs are the predominant transcript isoform from hundreds of human genes in diverse cell types. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030733"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11993","article-title":"Natural RNA circles function as efficient microRNA sponges","volume":"495","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2959","article-title":"Exon-intron circular RNAs regulate transcription in the nucleus","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.86","article-title":"A circular RNA promotes tumorigenesis by inducing c-myc nuclear translocation","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.42","article-title":"CircRNA-derived pseudogenes","volume":"26","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Alhajj, R., and Rokne, J. (2017). Matrix Factorization framework for overlapping community detection. Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining, Springer."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5895","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S209300","article-title":"The emerging roles of PIWI-interacting RNA in human cancers","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2011.08.018","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of long non-coding RNAs","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08975","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis","volume":"464","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.29591","article-title":"Emerging roles of HOTAIR in human cancer","volume":"121","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20149","article-title":"Local regulation of gene expression by lncRNA promoters, transcription and splicing","volume":"539","author":"Engreitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313768111","article-title":"The long noncoding RNA THRIL regulates TNF\u03b1 expression through its interaction with hnRNPL","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00762","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00762","article-title":"A mammalian pseudogene lncRNA at the interface of inflammation and anti-inflammatory therapeutics","volume":"2","author":"Rapicavoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.02.029","article-title":"Unlinking an lncRNA from its associated cis element","volume":"62","author":"Paralkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.20","article-title":"Endogenous microRNA sponges: Evidence and controversy","volume":"17","author":"Thomson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251456","article-title":"The STAT3-binding long non-coding RNA lnc-DC controls human dendritic cell differentiation","volume":"344","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500992113","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA UPAT promotes colon tumorigenesis by inhibiting degradation of UHRF1","volume":"113","author":"Taniue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11381","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019711108","article-title":"Dephosphorylation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factor is regulated by an RNA-protein scaffold complex","volume":"108","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2015-103334","article-title":"ceRNA in cancer: Possible functions and clinical implications","volume":"52","author":"Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2020.112180","article-title":"The long noncoding RNA OTUD6B-AS1 enhances cell proliferation and the invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through modulating GSKIP\/Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling via the sequestration of miR-664b-3p","volume":"395","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.002","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Target Recognition and Regulatory Functions","volume":"136","author":"Bartel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-016-1809-6","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA regulation of gene expression during differentiation","volume":"468","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.11.003","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs: Master regulators of inflammatory signaling","volume":"24","author":"Chew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.09.002","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs and control of gene expression in the immune system","volume":"20","author":"Atianand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0632-2","article-title":"The emerging role of epigenetics in human autoimmune disorders","volume":"11","author":"Mazzone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers7040884","article-title":"The clinical relevance of long non-coding RNAs in cancer","volume":"7","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201300068","article-title":"The non-coding skin: Exploring the roles of long non-coding RNAs in epidermal homeostasis and disease","volume":"35","author":"Hombach","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.3177","article-title":"LncRNA expression profiles and validation in keloid and normal skin tissue","volume":"47","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.182121.111","article-title":"Suppression of progenitor differentiation requires the long non-coding RNA ANCR","volume":"26","author":"Kretz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12900","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA TSIX is upregulated in scleroderma dermal fibroblasts and controls collagen mRNA stabilization","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6857","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.610915","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNA) regulated by transforming growth factor (TGF) \u03b2: lncRNA-hit-mediated TGF\u03b2-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in mammary epithelia","volume":"290","author":"Richards","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-010-0951-0","article-title":"Expression and function of a large non-coding RNA gene XIST in human cancer","volume":"35","author":"Weakley","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4888","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI135439","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA H19X is a key mediator of TGF-\u03b2\u2013driven fibrosis","volume":"130","author":"Pachera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Pachera, E., Assassi, S., Salazar, G., Frank Bertoncelj, M., Dobrota, R., Brock, M., Kurreeman, F., de Vries-Bouwstra, J.K., Messemaker, T., and Feghali-Bostwick, C. (2016). Long non-coding RNA H19X is a master regulator of extracellular matrix production in systemic sclerosis and other fibrotic disease. Arthritis & Rheumatology, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3174","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.516","article-title":"H19 lncRNA regulates keratinocyte differentiation by targeting miR-130b-3p","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-018-0290-6","article-title":"Autologous blood transfusion augments impaired wound healing in diabetic mice by enhancing lncRNA H19 expression via the HIF-1\u03b1 signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-019-1104-5","article-title":"MiR-1287-5p inhibits triple negative breast cancer growth by interaction with phosphoinositide 3-kinase CB, thereby sensitizing cells for PI3Kinase inhibitors","volume":"21","author":"Schwarzenbacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"7643","article-title":"Regulation of apoptosis by long non-coding RNA HIF1A-AS1 in VSMCs: Implications for TAA pathogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216542","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR drives EZH2-dependent myofibroblast activation in systemic sclerosis through miRNA 34a-dependent activation of NOTCH","volume":"79","author":"Wasson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1813006116","article-title":"Inhibition of EZH2 prevents fibrosis and restores normal angiogenesis in scleroderma","volume":"116","author":"Tsou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12776","article-title":"The role of microRNA-5196 in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Ciechomska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.504","article-title":"CtBP1 overexpression in keratinocytes perturbs skin homeostasis","volume":"134","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2225","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.126","article-title":"Upregulated long non-coding RNA AGAP2-AS1 represses LATS2 and KLF2 expression through interacting with EZH2 and LSD1 in non-small-cell lung cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Zheng, Y., Zhu, Y., Kong, X., and Hu, L. (2011). Evidence for OTUD-6B Participation in B lymphocytes cell cycle after cytokine stimulation. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014514"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01100","article-title":"OTUD6B-AS1 might be a novel regulator of apoptosis in systemic sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Takata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02906","article-title":"Long Non-coding RNAs are central regulators of the IL-1\u03b2-induced inflammatory response in normal and idiopathic pulmonary lung fibroblasts","volume":"9","author":"Hadjicharalambous","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40163","article-title":"Association of microRNA-618 expression with wltered frequency and activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Rossato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00100","article-title":"The Long Non-coding RNA NRIR drives IFN-response in monocytes: Implication for systemic sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Mariotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13489","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M900469200","article-title":"Arf GTPase-activating protein AGAP2 regulates focal adhesion kinase activity and focal adhesion remodeling","volume":"284","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Phosphoinositide-3-kinase enhancers, PIKEs: Their biological functions and roles in cancer","volume":"36","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.246579.114","article-title":"ZNF750 interacts with KLF4 and RCOR1, KDM1A, and CTBP1\/2 chromatin regulators to repress epidermal progenitor genes and induce differentiation genes","volume":"28","author":"Boxer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3192","article-title":"The landscape of long non-coding RNAs in the human transcriptome","volume":"47","author":"Iyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2714","article-title":"Assessment of transcript reconstruction methods for RNA-seq","volume":"10","author":"Steijger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12105","article-title":"Epigenetic repression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor II expression in scleroderma","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2013.00159","article-title":"Low-Dose 5-Aza-2\u2032-deoxycytidine pretreatment inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by induction of regulatory T Cells","volume":"20","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6797","article-title":"Simultaneous downregulation of KLF5 and Fli1 is a key feature underlying systemic sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Noda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-203194","article-title":"The Wnt antagonists DKK1 and SFRP1 are downregulated by promoter hypermethylation in systemic sclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Dees","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22759","article-title":"Trichostatin A prevents the accumulation of extracellular matrix in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis","volume":"56","author":"Huber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw0790","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw0790","article-title":"Epigenetic activation and memory at a TGF-beta enhancer in systemic sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39061","article-title":"The histone deacetylase sirtuin 1 is reduced in systemic sclerosis and abrogates fibrotic responses by targeting transforming growth factor \u03b2 Signaling","volume":"67","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200822","article-title":"The downregulation of microRNA let-7a contributes to the excessive expression of type I collagen in systemic and localized scleroderma","volume":"190","author":"Makino","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20314","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20314","article-title":"Targeting miR-155 to treat experimental scleroderma","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-013-9896-z","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 in scleroderma fibrosis and its function in TGF-\u03b2- regulated fibrosis-related genes expression","volume":"33","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.11.007","article-title":"A MicroRNA-29 mimic (Remlarsen) represses extracellular matrix expression and fibroplasia in the Skin","volume":"139","author":"Piper","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stypinska, B., Wajda, A., Walczuk, E., Olesinska, M., Lewandowska, A., Walczyk, M., and Paradowska-Gorycka, A. (2020). The serum cell-free microRNA expression profile in MCTD, SLE, SSc, and RA patients. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010161"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusek, M., Michalska-Jakubus, M., Kowal, M., Be\u0142towski, J., and Krasowska, D. (2019). A novel miRNA-4484 is up-regulated on microarray and associated with increased MMP-21 expression in serum of systemic sclerosis patients. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50695-y"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chouri, E., Servaas, N., Bekker, C., Affandi, A., Cossu, M., Hillen, M., Angiolilli, C., Mertens, J., Hoogen, L., and Cardoso, S. (2018). Serum microRNA screening and functional studies reveal miR-483-5p as a potential driver of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. J. Autoimmun., 89.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.12.015"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris, K.V. (2016). Expression specificity of disease-associated lncRNAs: Toward personalized medicine. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Human Disease, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23907-1"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.93","article-title":"Principles for targeting RNA with drug-like small molecules","volume":"17","author":"Warner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-012-0928-6","article-title":"Rapid identification of novel functional promoters for gene therapy","volume":"90","author":"Pringle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13182","article-title":"A promoter-level mammalian expression atlas","volume":"507","author":"Forrest","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0159RC","article-title":"Characterization of a novel long noncoding RNA, SCAL1, induced by cigarette smoke and elevated in lung cancer cell lines","volume":"49","author":"Thai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.221","article-title":"A novel non-coding RNA lncRNA-JADE connects DNA damage signaling to histone H4 acetylation","volume":"32","author":"Wan","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2018.02.001","article-title":"Epigenetic editing: How cutting-edge targeted epigenetic modification might provide novel avenues for autoimmune disease therapy","volume":"196","author":"Jeffries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/12\/9\/1296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:50:29Z","timestamp":1760165429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/12\/9\/1296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["genes12091296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes12091296","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]}}}