{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T06:40:55Z","timestamp":1785393655986,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["290287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["290287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adverse conditions in early life, including environmental, biological and social influences, are risk factors for ill-health during aging and the onset of age-related disorders. In this context, the recent field of social epigenetics offers a valuable method for establishing the relationships among them However, current clinical studies on environmental changes and lifespan disorders are limited. In this sense, the Tlaltizapan (Mexico) cohort, who 52 years ago was exposed to infant malnutrition, low income and poor hygiene conditions, represents a vital source for exploring such factors. Therefore, in the present study, 52 years later, we aimed to explore differences in clinical\/biochemical\/anthropometric and epigenetic (DNA methylation) variables between individuals from such a cohort, in comparison with an urban-raised sample. Interestingly, only cholesterol levels showed significant differences between the cohorts. On the other hand, individuals from the Tlaltizapan cohort with more years of schooling had a lower epigenetic age in the Horvath (p-value = 0.0225) and PhenoAge (p-value = 0.0353) clocks, compared to those with lower-level schooling. Our analysis indicates 12 differentially methylated sites associated with the PI3-Akt signaling pathway and galactose metabolism in individuals with different durations of schooling. In conclusion, our results suggest that longer durations of schooling could promote DNA methylation changes that may reduce epigenetic age; nevertheless, further studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12091408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T21:37:12Z","timestamp":1631569032000},"page":"1408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Years of Schooling Could Reduce Epigenetic Aging: A Study of a Mexican Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7186-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Gomez-Verjan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Geriatr\u00eda, Mexico City 10200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelino","family":"Esparza-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Epidemiolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Mart\u00edn-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Salazar-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Epidemiolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinthya","family":"Cadena-Trejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Geriatr\u00eda, Mexico City 10200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Miguel","family":"Gutierrez-Robledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General, Instituto Nacional de Geriatr\u00eda, Mexico City 10200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0390-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Jaime","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00f3mica de Enfermedades Psiqui\u00e1tricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Mexico City 04809, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2494-0067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humberto","family":"Nicolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00f3mica de Enfermedades Psiqui\u00e1tricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Mexico City 04809, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Geriatr\u00eda, Mexico City 10200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.3001","article-title":"Environmental Influences during Development and Their Later Consequences for Health and Disease: Implications for the Interpretation of Empirical Studies","volume":"272","author":"Gluckman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. 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