{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:12:45Z","timestamp":1792804365298,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Veterans Health Service Medical Center Research Grant","award":["VHSMC20026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VHSMC20026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xhz2q61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varies from 20.8% to 61.6% among populations of different ethnicities, suggesting the existence of a genetic component. The purpose of this study was to provide insights into the genetic causes of vitamin D concentration differences among individuals of diverse ancestry. We collected 320 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with vitamin D concentrations from a genome-wide association studies catalog. Their population-level allele frequencies were derived based on the 1000 Genomes Project and Korean Reference Genome Database. We used Fisher\u2019s exact tests to assess the significance of the enrichment or depletion of the effect allele at a given SNP in the database. In addition, we calculated the SNP-based genetic risk score (GRS) and performed correlation analysis with vitamin D concentration that included latitude. European, American, and South Asian populations showed similar heatmap patterns, whereas African, East Asian, and Korean populations had distinct ones. The GRS calculated from allele frequencies of vitamin D concentration was highest among Europeans, followed by East Asians and Africans. In addition, the difference in vitamin D concentration was highly correlated with genetic factors rather than latitude effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12101530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T12:29:14Z","timestamp":1632832154000},"page":"1530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Risk Allele Frequency Analysis of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Vitamin D Concentrations in Different Ethnic Group"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1391-6344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung-Woo","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, Seoul 04551, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Tae","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3127-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jehyun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul 05368, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. 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