{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T02:57:06Z","timestamp":1785207426130,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pycnodysostosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with characteristic diagnostic manifestations. This study aims to phenotype and provide molecular characterization of Egyptian patients, with emphasis on identifying unusual phenotypes and raising awareness about pycnodysostosis with different presentations to avoid a mis- or under-diagnosis and consequent mismanagement. We report on 22 Egyptian pycnodysostosis patients, including 9 new participants, all descending from consanguineous families and their ages ranging from 6 to 15 years. In addition, prenatal diagnosis was performed in one family with affected siblings. They all presented with short stature, except for one patient who presented with pancytopenia as her primary complaint. Moreover, 41.2% of patients had sleep apnea, 14% presented with craniosynostosis, and 44.4% had failure of tooth development. Molecular analysis via direct exome sequencing of the cathepsin K gene revealed three novel mutations ((NM_000396.3) c.761_763delCCT, c.864_865delAA, and c.509G&gt;T) as well as two previously reported mutations among nine new cases. The following is our conclusion: This study expands the molecular spectrum of pycnodysostosis by identifying three novel mutations and adds to the clinical and orodental aspects of the disease. The link between the CTSK gene mutations and the failure of tooth development has not been established, and further studies could help to improve our understanding of the molecular pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12101552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T08:27:44Z","timestamp":1632904064000},"page":"1552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Genetic and Molecular Evaluation: Reporting Three Novel Mutations and Creating Awareness of Pycnodysostosis Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Khalda","family":"Sayed Amr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9825-1219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hala T.","family":"El-Bassyouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sawsan","family":"Abdel Hady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa I.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oro-Dental Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4500-4024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mennat I.","family":"Mehrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oro-Dental Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8440-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Coviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada Y.","family":"El-Kamah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13591","article-title":"Pycnodysostosis: Natural history and management guidelines from 27 French cases and a literature review","volume":"96","author":"Bizaoui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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