{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:11:23Z","timestamp":1791443483165,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNE2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNE2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["207486\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207486\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INCT-EM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INCT-EM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Y chromosomes play important roles in sex determination and male fertility. In several groups (e.g., mammals) there is strong evidence that they evolved through gene loss from a common X-Y ancestor, but in Drosophila the acquisition of new genes plays a major role. This conclusion came mostly from studies in two species. Here we report the identification of the 22 Y-linked genes in D. willistoni. They all fit the previously observed pattern of autosomal or X-linked testis-specific genes that duplicated to the Y. The ratio of gene gains to gene losses is ~25 in D. willistoni, confirming the prominent role of gene gains in the evolution of Drosophila Y chromosomes. We also found four large segmental duplications (ranging from 62 kb to 303 kb) from autosomal regions to the Y, containing ~58 genes. All but four of these duplicated genes became pseudogenes in the Y or disappeared. In the GK20609 gene the Y-linked copy remained functional, whereas its original autosomal copy degenerated, demonstrating how autosomal genes are transferred to the Y chromosome. Since the segmental duplication that carried GK20609 contained six other testis-specific genes, it seems that chance plays a significant role in the acquisition of new genes by the Drosophila Y chromosome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12111815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T08:53:56Z","timestamp":1637225636000},"page":"1815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["New Genes in the Drosophila Y Chromosome: Lessons from D. willistoni"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4677-2885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ricchio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-971, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9310-2185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Uno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-971, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8959-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Bernardo","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-971, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/1.1.1","article-title":"Non-disjunction as proof of the chromosome theory of heredity","volume":"1","author":"Bridges","year":"1916","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bull, J.J. (1983). Evolution of Sex Determining Mechanisms, Benjamin\/Cummings Pub. Co. 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