{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:23:18Z","timestamp":1772252598495,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications are epigenetics processes that contribute to neurophenotype of Down Syndrome (DS). Previous reports present strong evidence that nonhistone high-mobility-group N proteins (HMGN) are epigenetic regulators. They play important functions in various process to maintain homeostasis in the brain. We aimed to analyze the differential expression of five human HMGN genes in some brain structures and age ranks from DS postmortem brain samples. Methodology: We performed a computational analysis of the expression of human HMGN from the data of a DNA microarray experiment (GEO database ID GSE59630). Using the transformed log2 data, we analyzed the differential expression of five HMGN genes in several brain areas associated with cognition in patients with DS. Moreover, using information from different genome databases, we explored the co-expression and protein interactions of HMNGs with the histones of nucleosome core particle and linker H1 histone. Results: We registered that HMGN1 and HMGN5 were significantly overexpressed in the hippocampus and areas of prefrontal cortex including DFC, OFC, and VFC of DS patients. Age-rank comparisons between euploid control and DS individuals showed that HMGN2 and HMGN4 were overexpressed in the DS brain at 16 to 22 gestation weeks. From the BioGRID database, we registered high interaction scores of HMGN2 and HMGN4 with Hist1H1A and Hist1H3A. Conclusions: Overall, our results give strong evidence to propose that DS would be an epigenetics-based aneuploidy. Remodeling brain chromatin by HMGN1 and HMGN5 would be an essential pathway in the modification of brain homeostasis in DS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12122000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,19]],"date-time":"2021-12-19T20:37:27Z","timestamp":1639946247000},"page":"2000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spatial and Temporal Expression of High-Mobility-Group Nucleosome-Binding (HMGN) Genes in Brain Areas Associated with Cognition in Individuals with Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1369-2328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis, Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali 76001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"Montoya-Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis, Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali 76001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Garc\u00eda-Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis, Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali 76001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0623-1526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yecid","family":"Mina-Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Movement Research Group, Faculty of Health, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali 76001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0549-5","article-title":"The interaction landscape between transcription factors and the nucleosome","volume":"562","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a019448","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019448","article-title":"Induced pluripotency and epigenetic reprogramming","volume":"7","author":"Hochedlinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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