{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:11:09Z","timestamp":1777619469133,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD037804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD037804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD086604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD086604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD085017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD085017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004039","name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Endowed Chair"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Endowed Chair"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004039","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adverse exposures during pregnancy have been shown to contribute to susceptibility for chronic diseases in offspring. Maternal diabetes during pregnancy is associated with higher risk of pregnancy complications, structural birth defects, and cardiometabolic health impairments later in life. We showed previously in a mouse model that the placenta is smaller in diabetic pregnancies, with reduced size of the junctional zone and labyrinth. In addition, cell migration is impaired, resulting in ectopic accumulation of spongiotrophoblasts within the labyrinth. The present study had the goal to identify the mechanisms underlying the growth defects and trophoblast migration abnormalities. Based upon gene expression assays of 47 candidate genes, we were able to attribute the reduced growth of diabetic placenta to alterations in the Insulin growth factor and Serotonin signaling pathways, and provide evidence for Prostaglandin signaling deficiencies as the possible cause for abnormal trophoblast migration. Furthermore, our results reinforce the notion that the exposure to maternal diabetes has particularly pronounced effects on gene expression at midgestation time points. An implication of these findings is that mechanisms underlying developmental programming act early in pregnancy, during placenta morphogenesis, and before the conceptus switches from histiotrophic to hemotrophic nutrition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13010130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T09:10:36Z","timestamp":1641978636000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Maternal Diabetes and Diet on Gene Expression in the Murine Placenta"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1035-465X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Kappen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center\u2014Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center\u2014Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Michael","family":"Salbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regulation of Gene Expression, Pennington Biomedical Research Center\u2014Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420250316","article-title":"Malformations in infants of diabetic mothers","volume":"25","author":"Mills","year":"1982","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91805-7","article-title":"Congenital malformations in newborn infants of diabetic women: Correlation with maternal diabetic vascular complications","volume":"1","author":"Pedersen","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21090","article-title":"Effect of maternal diabetes on the embryo, fetus, and children: Congenital anomalies, genetic and epigenetic changes and developmental outcomes","volume":"105","author":"Ornoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. 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