{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:52:23Z","timestamp":1777416743730,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) is the most prevalent autoimmune disorder of the thyroid (AITD) and characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies evoked by a, to date, not fully understood dysregulation of the immune system. Autoreactive lymphocytes and inflammatory processes in the thyroid gland can impair or enhance thyroid hormone secretion. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs, which can play a pivotal role in immune functions and the development of autoimmunity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the expression of 9 selected miRNAs related to immunological functions differ in patients with HT compared to healthy controls. MiRNA profiles were analysed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 24 patients with HT and 17 healthy controls. Systemic expressions of miR-21-5p, miR-22-3p, miR-22-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-301-3p and miR-451 were significantly upregulated in patients with HT (p \u2264 0.01) and were suitable to discriminate between HT and healthy controls in AUC analysis. Altered expressions of miR-22-5p and miR-142-3p were associated with higher levels of thyroid antibodies, suggesting their contribution to the pathogenesis of HT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13020171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T08:20:57Z","timestamp":1642580457000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Expression Profiles of miR-22-5p and miR-142-3p Indicate Hashimoto\u2019s Disease and Are related to Thyroid Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2437-1992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Trummer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Foessl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natascha","family":"Schweighofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edi","family":"Arifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3872-5643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph W.","family":"Haudum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3301-9440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharmaine","family":"Reintar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Pilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Theiler-Schwetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Trummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Zirlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albrecht","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Colantonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9349-8068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewald","family":"Kolesnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Verheyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3554-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Pieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3543-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Obermayer-Pietsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI14321","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"108","author":"Rapoport","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503321582114","article-title":"Familial aggregation of autoimmune thyroiditis in first-degree relatives of patients with juvenile autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"13","author":"Marwaha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.2174\/138920211798120763","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis: From Genes to the Disease","volume":"12","author":"Zaletel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.09.011","article-title":"Fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid: Today and tomorrow","volume":"22","author":"Baloch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2017.10.053","article-title":"Differential expression levels of plasma microRNA in Hashimoto\u2019s disease","volume":"642","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5632-3_2","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Key components of immune regulation","volume":"780","author":"Gracias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E968","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2982","article-title":"Differential microRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Graves\u2019 disease patients","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2708","article-title":"Physiological and pathological roles for microRNAs in the immune system","volume":"10","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"171","article-title":"Circulating extracellular microRNA in systemic autoimmunity","volume":"106","author":"Heegaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"EXS"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24475","article-title":"MicroRNA-124a is a key regulator of proliferation and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 secretion in fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patientswith rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"60","author":"Nakamachi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2012.04.002","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs as candidate biomarkers in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"160","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24436","article-title":"MicroRNA-146A contributes to abnormal activation of the type I interferon pathway in human lupus by targeting the key signaling proteins","volume":"60","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2012.09.004","article-title":"Dysregulation of miRNA146a versus IRAK1 induces IL-17 persistence in the psoriatic skin lesions","volume":"148","author":"Xia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02318","article-title":"A MicroRNA Signature for Evaluation of Risk and Severity of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases","volume":"103","author":"Marazuela","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12432","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs in autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"81","author":"Yamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1548832","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis: Further Developments in our Understanding","volume":"47","author":"Ajjan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0277","article-title":"MicroRNAs miR-146a1, miR-155_2, and miR-200a1 are regulated in autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"22","author":"Bernecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-015-8643-3","article-title":"Decreased expression of microRNA-125a-3p upregulates interleukin-23 receptor in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"62","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(\u2212Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sticht, C., De La Torre, C., Parveen, A., and Gretz, N. (2018). miRWalk: An online resource for prediction of microRNA binding sites. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206239"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2016.04.003","article-title":"Pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmune disease: The role of cellular mechanisms","volume":"63","author":"Marazuela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"207","article-title":"Assessing the Accuracy of Diagnostic Tests","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic curve in diagnostic test assessment","volume":"5","author":"Mandrekar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.07.011","article-title":"Extracellular miRNAs: From Biomarkers to Mediators of Physiology and Disease","volume":"30","author":"Mori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-0917-6","article-title":"MicroRNA-142-5p contributes to Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis by targeting CLDN1","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Yuan, Y., Cho, J.H., McClarty, S., Baxter, D., and Galas, D.J. (2012). Comparing the MicroRNA spectrum between serum and plasma. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041561"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309303","article-title":"MicroRNA Biomarkers and Platelet Reactivity: The Clot Thickens","volume":"120","author":"Sunderland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mussbacher, M., Schrottmaier, W.C., Salzmann, M., Brostjan, C., Schmid, J.A., Starlinger, P., and Assinger, A. (2017). Optimized plasma preparation is essential to monitor platelet-stored molecules in humans. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188921"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.119107","article-title":"Interindividual and interethnic variation in genomewide gene expression: Insights into the biological variation of gene expression and clinical implications","volume":"55","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2018.1427794","article-title":"Intra-individual variation of miRNA expression levels in human plasma samples","volume":"23","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0471","article-title":"Variability in, variability out: Best practice recommendations to standardize pre-analytical variables in the detection of circulating and tissue microRNAs","volume":"55","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38505-x","article-title":"Normalization strategies differently affect circulating miRNA profile associated with the training status","volume":"9","author":"Faraldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.239459","article-title":"Data Normalization Strategies for MicroRNA Quantification","volume":"61","author":"Schwarzenbach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/2\/171\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:03:51Z","timestamp":1760133831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/2\/171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["genes13020171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes13020171","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]}}}