{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:22:47Z","timestamp":1790882567250,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases originate from neuronal loss in the central nervous system (CNS). These debilitating diseases progress with age and have become common due to an increase in longevity. The National Institute of Environmental Health Science\u2019s 2021 annual report suggests around 6.2 million Americans are living with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and there is a possibility that there will be 1.2 million Parkinson\u2019s disease patients in the USA by 2030. There is no clear-cut universal mechanism for identifying neurodegenerative diseases, and therefore, they pose a challenge for neurobiology scientists. Genetic and environmental factors modulate these diseases leading to familial or sporadic forms. Prior studies have shown that miRNA levels are altered during the course of the disease, thereby suggesting that these noncoding RNAs may be the contributing factor in neurodegeneration. In this review, we highlight the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Through this review, we aim to achieve four main objectives: First, we highlight how dysregulation of miRNA biogenesis led to these diseases. Second, we highlight the computational or bioinformatics tools required to identify the putative molecular targets of miRNAs, leading to biological molecular pathways or mechanisms involved in these diseases. Third, we focus on the dysregulation of miRNAs and their target genes leading to several neurodegenerative diseases. In the final section, we highlight the use of miRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers in the early asymptomatic preclinical diagnosis of these age-dependent debilitating diseases. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and advances in the development of miRNA therapeutics for brain targeting. We list some of the innovative strategies employed to deliver miRNA into target cells and the relevance of these viral and non-viral carrier systems in RNA therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. In summary, this review highlights the relevance of studying brain-enriched miRNAs, the mechanisms underlying their regulation of target gene expression, their dysregulation leading to progressive neurodegeneration, and their potential for biomarker marker and therapeutic intervention. This review thereby highlights ways for the effective diagnosis and prevention of these neurodegenerative disorders in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13030425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T10:00:40Z","timestamp":1645783240000},"page":"425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Role of miRNAs in Neurodegeneration: From Disease Cause to Tools of Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4769-5615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bidisha","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Science Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ 07012, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Rampersaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.275","article-title":"An inflection point in gene discovery efforts for neurodegenerative diseases: From syndromic diagnoses toward endophenotypes and the epigenome","volume":"70","author":"Bennett","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/441398a","article-title":"Genetics: What is a gene?","volume":"441","author":"Pearson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00120.x","article-title":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"18","author":"Nelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90529-Y","article-title":"The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064921","article-title":"Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs","volume":"294","author":"Rauhut","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R173","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-8-r173","article-title":"MicroRNAs show a wide diversity of expression profiles in the developing and mature central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Kapsimali","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059581","article-title":"Loss of huntingtin-mediated BDNF gene transcription in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"293","author":"Zuccato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn201","article-title":"A set of differentially expressed miRNAs, including miR-30a-5p, act as post-transcriptional inhibitors of BDNF in prefrontal cortex","volume":"17","author":"Mellios","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. 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