{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T15:39:03Z","timestamp":1775749143835,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), is a major global pest of cereal grains. Infestations are difficult to control as larvae feed inside grain kernels, and many populations are resistant to both contact insecticides and fumigants. We sequenced the genome of R. dominica to identify genes responsible for important biological functions and develop more targeted and efficacious management strategies. The genome was assembled from long read sequencing and long-range scaffolding technologies. The genome assembly is 479.1 Mb, close to the predicted genome size of 480.4 Mb by flow cytometry. This assembly is among the most contiguous beetle assemblies published to date, with 139 scaffolds, an N50 of 53.6 Mb, and L50 of 4, indicating chromosome-scale scaffolds. Predicted genes from biologically relevant groups were manually annotated using transcriptome data from adults and different larval tissues to guide annotation. The expansion of carbohydrase and serine peptidase genes suggest that they combine to enable efficient digestion of cereal proteins. A reduction in the copy number of several detoxification gene families relative to other coleopterans may reflect the low selective pressure on these genes in an insect that spends most of its life feeding internally. Chemoreceptor genes contain elevated numbers of pseudogenes for odorant receptors that also may be related to the recent ontogenetic shift of R. dominica to a diet consisting primarily of stored grains. Analysis of repetitive sequences will further define the evolution of bostrichid beetles compared to other species. The data overall contribute significantly to coleopteran genetic research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13030446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T20:09:57Z","timestamp":1646078997000},"page":"446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Genome of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae): Adaptation for Success"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Brenda","family":"Oppert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-844X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Muszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6223-1694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Steczkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5570-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"\u0160atovi\u0107-Vuk\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Biology, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, Bijeni\u010dka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6868-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslav","family":"Plohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Biology, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, Bijeni\u010dka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Fabrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Vinokurov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 1160\/31, 370 05 \u010cesk\u00e9 Budejovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5893-6683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Koloniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 1160\/31, 370 05 \u010cesk\u00e9 Budejovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4792-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1611-6828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6229-7549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa, Vi\u00e7osa 36570-900, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7396-6629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Terra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9lia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6729-5980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Av. Esperan\u00e7a s\/n, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Chaply","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4988-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Elpidina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeriia","family":"Tereshchenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audra","family":"Jenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tisheng","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8124-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zelong","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haobo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1663-8741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Koren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8102-7031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Schlipalius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc\u00e9","family":"Lorenzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raman","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service, Commodity Protection and Quality Research, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9883-027X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey","family":"Perkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service, Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research, 2771 F and B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4584-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Poelchau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultural Library, 10301 Baltimore, Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenlee","family":"Friesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Olmstead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8315-5619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"Scully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Crustac\u00e9s, arachnides, myriopodes et hexapodes: Exploration scientifique de l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie pendant les ann\u00e9es 1840, 1841, 1842","volume":"1","author":"Lucas","year":"1849","journal-title":"Sci. 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