{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:34:45Z","timestamp":1790768085920,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a disorder characterized by a triad of motor symptoms (akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor) related to loss of dopaminergic neurons mainly in the Substantia nigra pars compacta. Diagnosis is often made after a substantial loss of neurons has already occurred, and while dopamine replacement therapies improve symptoms, they do not modify the course of the disease. Although some biological mechanisms involved in the disease have been identified, such as oxidative stress and accumulation of misfolded proteins, they do not explain entirely PD pathophysiology, and a need for a better understanding remains. Neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, appear to be the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The latter can alter gene expression by causing epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, post-translational modification of histones and non-coding RNAs. Regulation of genes responsible for monogenic forms of PD may be involved in sporadic PD. This review will focus on the epigenetic mechanisms regulating their expression, since these are the genes for which we currently have the most information available. Despite technical challenges, epigenetic epidemiology offers new insights on revealing altered biological pathways and identifying predictive biomarkers for the onset and progression of PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13030479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T12:35:37Z","timestamp":1646742937000},"page":"479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Does the Expression and Epigenetics of Genes Involved in Monogenic Forms of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Influence Sporadic Forms?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aymeric","family":"Lanore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau\u2013Paris Brain Institute\u2013ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Lesage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau\u2013Paris Brain Institute\u2013ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2365-1223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise-Laure","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau\u2013Paris Brain Institute\u2013ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0739-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poornima Jayadev","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau\u2013Paris Brain Institute\u2013ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Ravassard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau\u2013Paris Brain Institute\u2013ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Cheval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau\u2013Paris Brain Institute\u2013ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Corti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau\u2013Paris Brain Institute\u2013ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Brice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau\u2013Paris Brain Institute\u2013ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Department of Genetics, H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Corvol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau\u2013Paris Brain Institute\u2013ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130242","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Genetics and Pathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Shulman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. 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