{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T22:59:05Z","timestamp":1784674745470,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008108","name":"Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCRD-TPE-MOST-109-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD-TPE-MOST-109-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008108","name":"Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCRD-TPE-109-RT-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD-TPE-109-RT-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108-2314-B-303 -026 -MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2314-B-303 -026 -MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Academic Advancement","award":["TCMF-A 107-01-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMF-A 107-01-15"]}]},{"name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Academic Advancement","award":["TCMF-EP 111-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMF-EP 111-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The common non-synonymous mutation of the glucokinase regulator (GCKR) gene, namely rs1260326, is widely reported to have pleiotropic effects on cardio-metabolic traits and hematological parameters. Objective: This study aimed to identify whether other GCKR variants may have pleiotropic effects independent of the rs1260326 genotypes. Methods: In total, 81,097 Taiwan Biobank participants were enrolled for the regional plot association studies and candidate variant analysis of the region around the GCKR gene. Results: The initial candidate variant approach showed the significant association of the rs1260326 genotypes with multiple phenotypes. Regional plot association analysis of the GCKR gene region further revealed genome-wide significant associations between GCKR variants and serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglyceride, uric acid, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, \u03b3-Glutamyl transferase, albumin, and fasting plasma glucose levels; estimated glomerular filtration rate; leukocyte and platelet counts; microalbuminuria, and metabolic syndrome, with rs1260326 being the most common lead polymorphism. Serial conditional analysis identified genome-wide significant associations of two low-frequency exonic mutations, rs143881585 and rs8179206, with high serum triglyceride and albumin levels. In five rare GCKR exonic non-synonymous or nonsense mutations available for analysis, GCKR rs146175795 showed an independent association with serum triglyceride and albumin levels and rs150673460 showed an independent association with serum triglyceride levels. Weighted genetic risk scores from the combination of GCKR rs143881585 and rs146175795 revealed a significant association with metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: In addition to the rs1260326 variant, low-frequency and rare GCKR exonic mutations exhibit pleiotropic effects on serum triglyceride and albumin levels and the risk of metabolic syndrome. These results provide evidence that both common and rare GCKR variants may play a critical role in predicting the risk of cardiometabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13030491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T11:46:47Z","timestamp":1646912807000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Pleiotropic Effects of Common and Rare GCKR Exonic Mutations on Cardiometabolic Traits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kuan-Hung","family":"Yeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0012-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lung-An","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4140-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Sheng","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semon","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Hua","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8218-6827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Lin","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002089","article-title":"Regulation of hepatic glucose uptake and storage in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. 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