{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:17:59Z","timestamp":1780399079157,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/PR21413\/MED\/122\/40\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR21413\/MED\/122\/40\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypoxic ischemic injury to the fetal and neonatal brain is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Although animal and culture studies suggest that glutamate excitotoxicity is a primary contributor to neuronal death following hypoxia, the molecular mechanisms, and roles of various neural cells in the development of glutamate excitotoxicity in humans, is not fully understood. In this study, we developed a culture model of human fetal neural stem cell (FNSC)-derived astrocytes and examined their glutamate uptake in response to hypoxia. We isolated, established, and characterized cultures of FNSCs from aborted fetal brains and differentiated them into astrocytes, characterized by increased expression of the astrocyte markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) and EAAT2, and decreased expression of neural stem cell marker Nestin. Differentiated astrocytes were exposed to various oxygen concentrations mimicking normoxia (20% and 6%), moderate and severe hypoxia (2% and 0.2%, respectively). Interestingly, no change was observed in the expression of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 or glutamate uptake by astrocytes, even after exposure to severe hypoxia for 48 h. These results together suggest that human FNSC-derived astrocytes can maintain glutamate uptake after hypoxic injury and thus provide evidence for the possible neuroprotective role of astrocytes in hypoxic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13030506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T22:29:43Z","timestamp":1647210583000},"page":"506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Glutamate Uptake Is Not Impaired by Hypoxia in a Culture Model of Human Fetal Neural Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5173-3384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vadanya","family":"Shrivastava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devanjan","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chitra Mohinder Singh","family":"Singal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0847-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paritosh","family":"Jaiswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankit","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jai Bhagwan","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parthaprasad","family":"Chattopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nihar Ranjan","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3903-7252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayanth Kumar","family":"Palanichamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subrata","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Seth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0303-2836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudip","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041996","article-title":"Neonatal brain injury","volume":"351","author":"Ferriero","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. 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