{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:30:51Z","timestamp":1788798651561,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gypsies are a separate ethnic group living in Pakistan and some other countries as well. They are mostly known as \u2018Roma\u2019 and \u2018untouchables\u2019. They have different types of lifestyles as compared to other common people, as they always keep migrating from one place to another. They do not have proper houses; they live in tent houses and most probably work on daily wages to earn their living. Gypsies cannot be specified according to the place of residence and can only be classified according to their migration route. Previous historical and linguistic research showed the north Indian origin of Roma people. The present study collected 285 unrelated Roma individuals living in Punjab and typed with the Goldeneye Y20 system. Allelic frequencies ranged between 0.0035 and 0.5266, with haplotype diversity (HD) of 0.9999 and discrimination capacity (DC) of 0.8790. Gene diversity (GD) ranged from 0.6489 (DYS391) to 0.9764 (DYS391) (DY385ab). A total of 223 unique alleles were observed. Interestingly, the haplogroup R accounted for 40.56% and J for 22.06%. In MDS analysis, Pakistani Roma formed a close cluster with Roma from Constanta, Romania. The migration pattern of the Roma population from Pakistan, India and Europe was inferred using coalescence theory in the Migrate-n program. Overlapping Y-STR data were used to test different migration models. These migration models showed us the dominant gene flow from Pakistan to India and Europe to Pakistan. The results of our study showed that Y STRs provided substantially stronger discriminatory power in the Pakistani Roma population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13030532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:26:22Z","timestamp":1647811582000},"page":"532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Atif","family":"Adnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University of Security Sciences, Riyadh 11452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allah","family":"Rakha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0648-5593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayder","family":"Lazim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wedad Saeed","family":"Al-Qahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University of Security Sciences, Riyadh 11452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Abdullah Alwaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2994-3083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibte","family":"Hadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University of Security Sciences, Riyadh 11452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan-Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fraser, A.M. 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