{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:46:42Z","timestamp":1790797602839,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: A review of miRNA (microRNA) profiling studies in keratoconus. Methods: Literature search strategy\u2014PubMed central database, using miRNA or microRNA and keratoconus as keywords. Results: Eleven experimental or clinical studies on humans regarding miRNA and keratoconus, published in English between 2009 and 2020 were retrieved. Conclusion: The publications regarding the role of miRNAs in keratoconus are scarce and diverse but provide some valuable information about potential new mechanisms of keratoconus development and progression. The cornea expresses almost 300 different miRNAs, 18 of which are specific, and miR-184 is by far the most abundant, with expression restricted to central basal and suprabasal epithelial cells. Mutations in the seed region of MIR184 were proved to be rare and nonspecific in patients with isolated keratoconus. Overall, in keratoconus, a total of 29 miRNAs were upregulated, and 11 were downregulated. It appeared that miR-143-3p, miR-182-5p, and miR-92a-3p were highly expressed, while the miRNAs connected to cell\u2013cell junction, cell division, and motor activity were downregulated. In less advanced forms, altered expression of four miRNAs\u2014miR-151a-3p, miR-194-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-185-5p\u2014was proved in the cone epithelium; in contrast, in advanced keratoconus, the expression of miR-151a-3p and miR-194-5p remained altered, changes in the expression of miR-195 and miR-185 were not reported, and the expression of miR-138-5p, miR-146b-5p, miR-28-5p, and miR-181a-2-3p was also altered in the corneal epithelium. Keratoconus is a dynamic process of corneal stromal thinning that might result from a dynamic miRNA expression in the corneal epithelium exposed to environmental and behavioral factors causing repetitive traumas. Further experimental studies are needed to prove this hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13040588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T15:31:21Z","timestamp":1648222281000},"page":"588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Are miRNAs Dynamic Biomarkers in Keratoconus? A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Spela","family":"Stunf Pukl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Eye Hospital, University Clinical Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.75876","article-title":"The genetics of keratoconus","volume":"18","author":"Nowak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Middle East Afr. J. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1345.009","article-title":"Germline epimutation: A basis for epigenetic disease in humans","volume":"1054","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. 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