{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:43:51Z","timestamp":1787028231884,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N N403 583638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N N403 583638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to detect the presence and assess the expression levels of the estrogen receptors type 1 (ESR1) and type 2 (ESR2) within paravertebral skeletal muscles of female patients with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) in relation to phenotype parameters. Intraoperatively, the muscle samples were obtained from 35 adolescent females. The RT-qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry techniques were applied. The ESR1 and ESR2 were detected within paravertebral skeletal muscle cells, either the superficial or the deep ones. The ESR1 expression level was significantly higher in the deep muscles compared to the superficial ones. A left-right asymmetry of the ESR1 and ESR2 expression level was demonstrated in the deep muscles. There was a significant relationship between the expression asymmetry and either the Cobb angle or the progression risk factor: both parameters decreased to the smallest values in the case of symmetric ESR1 or ESR2 expression, while they increased with increasing expression asymmetry. In conclusion, the ESR1 and ESR2 presence was confirmed in skeletal paravertebral muscles of patients with idiopathic scoliosis. The increased expression level and asymmetry of estrogen receptors in deep skeletal muscles was related to increasing scoliotic deformity magnitude or increasing risk of deformity deterioration. These findings may highlight the etiopathogenesis of IS in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13050739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T08:14:06Z","timestamp":1650701646000},"page":"739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Estrogen Receptor Type 1 and Type 2 Presence in Paravertebral Skeletal Muscles: Expression Level and Relation to Phenotype in Children with Idiopathic Scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kotwicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Disorders and Pediatric Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 r. Street 135\/147, 61-545 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Tomaszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Disorders and Pediatric Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 r. Street 135\/147, 61-545 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8781-3447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Andrusiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9781-2504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"\u015aliwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9054-3070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u0142a\u017cej","family":"Rusin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Disorders and Pediatric Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 r. Street 135\/147, 61-545 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Halluxmed Surgery of the Foot\/Knee, Komornicka 57, 62-052 Komorniki, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9802-374X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Kotwicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60658-3","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"371","author":"Weinstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E94","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31818b88a5","article-title":"Genetic Linkage Localizes an Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and Pectus Excavatum Gene to the 18q Chromosome","volume":"34","author":"Gurnett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1086\/341607","article-title":"A genetic locus for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis linked to chromosome 19p13.3","volume":"71","author":"Chan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. 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H"}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/5\/739\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:59:12Z","timestamp":1760137152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/5\/739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["genes13050739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes13050739","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]}}}