{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:03:53Z","timestamp":1790960633767,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFD1300100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AB21220005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AB21220005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JBGS[2021]109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS[2021]109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key R&amp;D Program","award":["2021YFD1300100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300100"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key R&amp;D Program","award":["AB21220005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AB21220005"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key R&amp;D Program","award":["JBGS[2021]109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS[2021]109"]}]},{"name":"Revitalization Program of Biological Breeding of Jiangsu Province","award":["2021YFD1300100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300100"]}]},{"name":"Revitalization Program of Biological Breeding of Jiangsu Province","award":["AB21220005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AB21220005"]}]},{"name":"Revitalization Program of Biological Breeding of Jiangsu Province","award":["JBGS[2021]109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS[2021]109"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Guangxi Partridge chicken is a well-known chicken breed in southern China with good meat quality, which has been bred as a meat breed to satisfy the increased demand of consumers. Compared with line D whose body weight is maintained at the average of the unselected group, the growth rate and weight of the selected chicken group (line S) increased significantly after breeding for four generations. Herein, transcriptome analysis was performed to identify pivotal genes and signal pathways of selective breeding that contributed to potential mechanisms of growth and development under artificial selection pressure. The average body weight of line S chickens was 1.724 kg at 90 d of age, which showed a significant increase at 90 d of age than line D chickens (1.509 kg), although only the internal organ ratios of lung and kidney changed after standardizing by body weight. The myofiber area and myofiber density of thigh muscles were affected by selection to a greater extent than that of breast muscle. We identified 51, 210, 31, 388, and 100 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hypothalamus, pituitary, breast muscle, thigh muscle, and liver between the two lines, respectively. Several key genes were identified in the hypothalamus-pituitary-muscle axis, such as FST, THSB, PTPRJ, CD36, PITX1, PITX2, AMPD1, PRKAB1, PRKAB2, and related genes for muscle development, which were attached to the cytokine\u2013cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway, the PPAR signaling pathway, and lipid metabolism. However, signaling molecular pathways and the cell community showed that elevated activity in the liver of line S fowl was mainly involved in focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules, and signal transduction. Collectively, muscle development, lipid metabolism, and several signaling pathways played crucial roles in the improving growth performance of Guangxi Partridge chickens under artificial selection for growth rate. These results support further study of the adaptation of birds under selective pressure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13050798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T16:49:57Z","timestamp":1651250997000},"page":"798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Differentially Expressed Genes Associated with Growth in Guangxi Partridge Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Minghui","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3897-6837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9218-9506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8177-4766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangyang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjie","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9902-6985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minli","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangqing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Fufeng Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Group Co., Ltd., Nanning 530024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7031-4211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chungang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022513-114132","article-title":"Evolution of the modern broiler and feed efficiency","volume":"2","author":"Siegel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100284","article-title":"Review: Physiological growth trend of current meat broilers and dietary protein and energy management approaches for sustainable broiler production","volume":"15","author":"Maharjan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Int. J. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2004356","article-title":"Metabolic and hormonal interactions between muscle and adipose tissue","volume":"63","author":"Tomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2018.1476377","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals regulators mediating breast muscle growth and development in three chicken breeds","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1139\/gen-2017-0114","article-title":"Sequencing and characterization of lncRNAs in the breast muscle of Gushi and Arbor Acres chickens","volume":"61","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b05477","article-title":"Growth Performance and Meat Quality Evaluations in Three-Way Cross Cattle Developed for the Tibetan Plateau and their Molecular Understanding by Integrative Omics Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437-020-00365-x","article-title":"Genome-wide association study reveals the genetic determinism of growth traits in a Gushi-Anka F(2) chicken population","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1435-3_9","article-title":"Hormones and Muscle Atrophy","volume":"1088","author":"Priego","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2005.02.022","article-title":"The release of growth hormone (GH): Relation to the thyrotropic- and corticotropic axis in the chicken","volume":"29","author":"Geelissen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0034","article-title":"Studies on the physiological functions of the melanocortin system","volume":"27","author":"Cone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pi\u00f3rkowska, K., \u017bukowski, K., Po\u0142towicz, K., Nowak, J., Ropka-Molik, K., Derebecka, N., Weso\u0142y, J., and Wojtysiak, D. (2020). Identification of candidate genes and regulatory factors related to growth rate through hypothalamus transcriptome analyses in broiler chickens. BMC Genom., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-06884-5"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46807-3","article-title":"Hypothalamic and pituitary transcriptome profiling using RNA-sequencing in high-yielding and low-yielding laying hens","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.04.015","article-title":"Production and growth related disorders and other metabolic diseases of poultry\u2014A review","volume":"169","author":"Julian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Wang, T., Xu, C., Wang, D., Ren, J., Li, Y., Tian, Y., Wang, Y., Jiao, Y., and Kang, X. (2015). Transcriptome profile of liver at different physiological stages reveals potential mode for lipid metabolism in laying hens. BMC Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1943-0"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willson, N.L., Forder, R.E.A., Tearle, R., Williams, J.L., Hughes, R.J., Nattrass, G.S., and Hynd, P.I. (2018). Transcriptional analysis of liver from chickens with fast (meat bird), moderate (F1 layer x meat bird cross) and low (layer bird) growth potential. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4723-9"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"449","article-title":"General power and sample size calculations for high-dimensional genomic data","volume":"12","author":"Boer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stat. Appl. Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2015.4145","article-title":"Breed-Related Number and Size of Muscle Fibres and Their Response to Carcass Quality in Chickens","volume":"14","author":"Koomkrong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101649","article-title":"Comparison of muscle fiber characteristics and glycolytic potential between slow- and fast-growing broilers","volume":"101","author":"Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.01.020","article-title":"Breast meat quality in males and females of fast-, medium- and slow-growing chickens fed diets of 2 protein levels","volume":"100","author":"Ketta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, K., Zhao, Q., Shao, M., Duan, Y., Li, D., Lu, Y., Tang, Y., and Feng, C. (2022). Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Effect of Selective Breeding on the Quality of Chicken Meat. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12050367"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2017","article-title":"The TNF Family of Ligands and Receptors: Communication Modules in the Immune System and Beyond","volume":"99","author":"Dostert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13407","article-title":"Regulating appetite in broilers for improving body and muscle development-A review","volume":"104","author":"Borg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"4","article-title":"Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance","volume":"17","author":"Bastard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-017-0207-z","article-title":"The regulation of IMF deposition in pectoralis major of fast-and slow-growing chickens at hatching","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manickam, R., Duszka, K., and Wahli, W. (2020). PPARs and Microbiota in Skeletal Muscle Health and Wasting. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218056"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.X., Zhang, C.L., Yu, R.T., Cho, H.K., Nelson, M.C., Bayuga-Ocampo, C.R., Ham, J., Kang, H., and Evans, R.M. (2004). Regulation of muscle fiber type and running endurance by PPARdelta. PLoS Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020294"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, H., Zheng, M., Zhao, G., Liu, R., and Wen, J. (2018). Identification of differentially expressed genes and pathways for intramuscular fat metabolism between breast and thigh tissues of chickens. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-4292-3"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00242","article-title":"Machine Learning on Human Muscle Transcriptomic Data for Biomarker Discovery and Tissue-Specific Drug Target Identification","volume":"9","author":"Mamoshina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2010-0127","article-title":"Regulation of muscle mass by follistatin and activins","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol. (Baltim. Md.)"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.01.046","article-title":"Follistatin complexes Myostatin and antagonises Myostatin-mediated inhibition of myogenesis","volume":"270","author":"Amthor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dushyanth, K., Shukla, R., Chatterjee, R.N., and Bhattacharya, T.K. (2020). Expression and polymorphism of Follistatin (FST) gene and its association with growth traits in native and exotic chicken. Anim. Biotechnol., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2020.1838917"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437-018-0092-z","article-title":"Changes in pituitary gene expression may underlie multiple domesticated traits in chickens","volume":"122","author":"Fallahshahroudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.168","article-title":"Leptin and the maintenance of elevated body weight","volume":"19","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2015-1232","article-title":"Minireview: CNS Mechanisms of Leptin Action","volume":"30","author":"Flak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol. (Baltim. Md.)"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01388","article-title":"STAT3 signalling is required for leptin regulation of energy balance but not reproduction","volume":"421","author":"Bates","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.7.2325","article-title":"Association of adiponectin mutation with type 2 diabetes: A candidate gene for the insulin resistance syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Kondo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9686-34-4-465","article-title":"Test for positional candidate genes for body composition on pig chromosome 6","volume":"34","author":"Cristina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol. GSE"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03674","article-title":"Association of leptin receptor gene polymorphisms with growth and feed efficiency in meat-type chickens","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"E642","article-title":"Muscle contractile activity increases fatty acid metabolism and transport and FAT\/CD36","volume":"276","author":"Bonen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1970.00480280083010","article-title":"Muscle fiber types: How many and what kind?","volume":"23","author":"Brooke","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew081","article-title":"Association of AMPK subunit gene polymorphisms with growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency in meat-type chickens","volume":"95","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0720568","article-title":"The relationship between muscle growth and the growth of different fiber types in the chicken","volume":"72","author":"Ono","year":"1993","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2017.11.020","article-title":"Estimation of pork quality in live pigs using biopsied muscle fibre number composition","volume":"137","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1856","article-title":"Alkali-like myosin light chain-1 (myl1) is an early marker for differentiating fast muscle cells in zebrafish","volume":"240","author":"Nord","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn. Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Anat."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"135","article-title":"Growth of fiber types and apparent fiber number in skeletal muscle of broiler- and layer-type chickens","volume":"47","author":"Aberle","year":"1983","journal-title":"Growth"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.03.009","article-title":"PITX2 Enhances the Regenerative Potential of Dystrophic Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells","volume":"10","author":"Vallejo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2013.12.020","article-title":"Gene regulatory networks and transcriptional mechanisms that control myogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Buckingham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2017.1379415","article-title":"Two New Insertion\/Deletion Variants of the PITX2 Gene and their Effects on Growth Traits in Sheep","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2018.1551229","article-title":"Effects of genetic variations within goat PITX2 gene on growth traits and mRNA expression","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.05.083","article-title":"Bovine pituitary homeobox 2 (PITX2): mRNA expression profiles of different alternatively spliced variants and association analyses with growth traits","volume":"669","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skx038","article-title":"A genome-wide association study of growth and fatness traits in two pig populations with different genetic backgrounds","volume":"96","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, H., Dong, X., Mao, H., Xu, N., and Yin, Z. (2019). Expression Analysis of the PITX2 Gene and Associations between Its Polymorphisms and Body Size and Carcass Traits in Chickens. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121001"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, H., Zhou, W., Tan, Y., Xu, X., Mao, H., Dong, X., Xu, N., and Yin, Z. (2021). Chronological Expression of PITX2 and SIX1 Genes and the Association between Their Polymorphisms and Chicken Meat Quality Traits. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020445"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-011-4167-9","article-title":"Identification of four SNPs and association analysis with meat quality traits in the porcine Pitx2c gene","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.20121305","article-title":"Conditional over-expression of PITX1 causes skeletal muscle dystrophy in mice","volume":"1","author":"Pandey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa093","article-title":"Mutations Upstream of the TBX5 and PITX1 Transcription Factor Genes Are Associated with Feathered Legs in the Domestic Chicken","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12115","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12115","article-title":"Molecular shifts in limb identity underlie development of feathered feet in two domestic avian species","volume":"5","author":"Domyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"2244","article-title":"Expression of three stage-specific transcripts of AMP deaminase during myogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Sabina","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"882","article-title":"An adenovirus carrying the rat protein tyrosine phosphatase eta suppresses the growth of human thyroid carcinoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo","volume":"63","author":"Iuliano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.February.6.6","article-title":"DNA sequence polymorphism within the bovine adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 (AMPD1) is associated with production traits in Chinese cattle","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res. GMR"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2008.06.009","article-title":"Molecular characterization and expression patterns of AMP deaminase1 (AMPD1) in porcine skeletal muscle","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.05813.x","article-title":"Role and significance of focal adhesion proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Yam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22429","article-title":"Position of glycine substitutions in the triple helix of COL6A1, COL6A2, and COL6A3 is correlated with severity and mode of inheritance in collagen VI myopathies","volume":"34","author":"Butterfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-016-0083-1","article-title":"Mutation analysis of the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes in Vietnamese patients with osteogenesis imperfecta","volume":"10","author":"Zhytnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.18","article-title":"SPARC: A key player in the pathologies associated with obesity and diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Kos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.07.016","article-title":"Thrombospondin 1 as a novel biological marker of obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Matsuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metab. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(00)00143-5","article-title":"The functions of thrombospondin-1 and-2","volume":"12","author":"Lawler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"654765","article-title":"Decorin: A Growth Factor Antagonist for Tumor Growth Inhibition","volume":"2015","author":"Prince","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/5\/798\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:04:00Z","timestamp":1760137440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/5\/798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["genes13050798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes13050798","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]}}}