{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T14:52:09Z","timestamp":1780325529394,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapidly mutating Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (RM Y STRs) with mutation rates \u2265 10\u22122 per locus per generation are valuable for differentiating amongst male paternal relatives where standard Y STRs with mutation rates of \u226410\u22123 per locus per generation may not. Although the 13 RM Y STRs commonly found in commercial assays provide higher levels of paternal lineage differentiation than conventional Y STRs, there are many male paternal relatives that still cannot be differentiated. This can be improved by increasing the number of Y STRs or choosing those with high mutation rates. We present a RM Y STR multiplex comprising 19 loci with high mutation rates and its developmental validation (repeatability, sensitivity and male specificity). The multiplex was found to be robust, reproducible, specific and sensitive enough to generate DNA profiles from samples with inhibitors. It was also able to detect all contributor alleles of mixtures in ratios up to 9:1. We provide preliminary evidence for the ability of the multiplex to discriminate between male paternal relatives by analyzing large numbers of male relative pairs (536) separated by one to seven meioses. A total of 96 mutations were observed in 162 meioses of father\u2013son pairs, and other closely related male pairs were able to be differentiated after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 meiosis in 44%, 69%, 68%, 85%, 0%, 100% and 100% of cases, respectively. The multiplex offers a noticeable enhancement in the ability to differentiate paternally related males compared with the 13 RM Y STR set. We envision the future application of our 19 RM Yplex in criminal cases for the exclusion of male relatives possessing matching standard Y STR profiles and in familial searching with unknown suspects. It represents a step towards the complete individualization of closely related males.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13060946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T08:50:22Z","timestamp":1653555022000},"page":"946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Empirical Evidence on Enhanced Mutation Rates of 19 RM-YSTRs for Differentiating Paternal Lineages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Faqeeha","family":"Javed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Research Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Research Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1665-3367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"McNevin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9148-0649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Usama","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abida","family":"Shehzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Research Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Ali","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Research Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2018.01.005","article-title":"Determining Y-STR mutation rates in deep-routing genealogies: Identification of haplogroup differences","volume":"34","author":"Claerhout","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. 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