{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T06:44:34Z","timestamp":1787985874097,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal Society of New Zealand Te Ap\u0101rang","award":["MFP-PAF-1801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFP-PAF-1801"]}]},{"name":"Royal Society of New Zealand Te Ap\u0101rang","award":["PID2020-114516GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114516GB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Royal Society of New Zealand Te Ap\u0101rang","award":["PID2019-108888RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-108888RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/ 10.13039\/501100011033","award":["MFP-PAF-1801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFP-PAF-1801"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/ 10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2020-114516GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114516GB-I00"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/ 10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2019-108888RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-108888RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"AEI","award":["MFP-PAF-1801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFP-PAF-1801"]}]},{"name":"AEI","award":["PID2020-114516GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114516GB-I00"]}]},{"name":"AEI","award":["PID2019-108888RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-108888RB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modern humans exhibit phenotypic traits and molecular events shared with other domesticates that are thought to be by-products of selection for reduced aggression. This is the human self-domestication hypothesis. As one of the first types of responses to a novel environment, epigenetic changes may have also facilitated early self-domestication in humans. Here, we argue that fish species, which have been recently domesticated, can provide model systems to study epigenetic drivers in human self-domestication. To test this, we used in silico approaches to compare genes with epigenetic changes in early domesticates of European sea bass with genes exhibiting methylation changes in anatomically modern humans (comparison 1), and neurodevelopmental cognitive disorders considered to exhibit abnormal self-domestication traits, i.e., schizophrenia, Williams syndrome, and autism spectrum disorders (comparison 2). Overlapping genes in comparison 1 were involved in processes like limb morphogenesis and phenotypes like abnormal jaw morphology and hypopigmentation. Overlapping genes in comparison 2 affected paralogue genes involved in processes such as neural crest differentiation and ectoderm differentiation. These findings pave the way for future studies using fish species as models to investigate epigenetic changes as drivers of human self-domestication and as triggers of cognitive disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13060987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T05:25:42Z","timestamp":1653974742000},"page":"987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Fish as Model Systems to Study Epigenetic Drivers in Human Self-Domestication and Neurodevelopmental Cognitive Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4871-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dafni","family":"Anastasiadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Seafood Technologies, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Nelson 7010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0903-4736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesc","family":"Piferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2764-8291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maren","family":"Wellenreuther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seafood Technologies, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Nelson 7010, New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4574-5666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ben\u00edtez Burraco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spanish, Linguistics, and Theory of Literature (Linguistics), Faculty of Philology, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.01.003","article-title":"Comparing Wolves and Dogs: Current Status and Implications for Human \u2018Self-Domestication\u2019","volume":"26","author":"Range","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.114.165423","article-title":"The \u201cDomestication Syndrome\u201d in Mammals: A Unified Explanation Based on Neural Crest Cell Behavior and Genetics","volume":"197","author":"Wilkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160107","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160107","article-title":"The Taming of the Neural Crest: A Developmental Perspective on the Origins of Morphological Covariation in Domesticated Mammals","volume":"3","author":"Geiger","year":"2016","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.12319","article-title":"A Striking Example of Developmental Bias in an Evolutionary Process: The \u201cDomestication Syndrome\u201d","volume":"22","author":"Wilkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.18699\/VJ17.262","article-title":"Revisiting two hypotheses on the \u201cdomestication syndrome\u201d in light of genomic data","volume":"21","author":"Wilkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vavilov J. Genet. Breed"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044201","article-title":"Survival of the Friendliest: Homo Sapiens Evolved via Selection for Prosociality","volume":"68","author":"Hare","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21777","article-title":"Evaluating the Self-Domestication Hypothesis of Human Evolution","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evol. Anthropol. Issues News Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.12.007","article-title":"The Self-Domestication Hypothesis: Evolution of Bonobo Psychology Is Due to Selection against Aggression","volume":"83","author":"Hare","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00521","article-title":"Williams Syndrome, Human Self-Domestication, and Language Evolution","volume":"10","author":"Niego","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10816-020-09503-5","article-title":"Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Ecological Changes, Social Behaviour and Human Intergroup Tolerance 300,000 to 30,000 BP","volume":"28","author":"Spikins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Method Theory"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14392","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8143","article-title":"The Founder Sociality Hypothesis","volume":"11","author":"Brooks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theofanopoulou, C., Gastaldon, S., O\u2019Rourke, T., Samuels, B.D., Messner, A., Martins, P.T., Delogu, F., Alamri, S., and Boeckx, C. (2017). Self-Domestication in Homo Sapiens: Insights from Comparative Genomics. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185306"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw7908","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw7908","article-title":"Dosage Analysis of the 7q11.23 Williams Region Identifies BAZ1B as a Major Human Gene Patterning the Modern Human Face and Underlying Self-Domestication","volume":"5","author":"Zanella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2020.01.002","article-title":"A Molecular Investigation of Human Self-Domestication","volume":"36","author":"Wilkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00134","article-title":"Human Social Evolution: Self-Domestication or Self-Control?","volume":"11","author":"Shilton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23642","article-title":"Female Status, Food Security, and Stature Sexual Dimorphism: Testing Mate Choice as a Mechanism in Human Self-Domestication","volume":"167","author":"Gleeson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-022020-022327","article-title":"Canalization and Robustness in Human Genetics and Disease","volume":"54","author":"Gibson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-00305-9","article-title":"The Influence of Evolutionary History on Human Health and Disease","volume":"22","author":"Benton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"373","article-title":"Language Impairments in ASD Resulting from a Failed Domestication of the Human Brain","volume":"10","author":"Lattanzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1159\/000468506","article-title":"Schizophrenia and Human Self-Domestication: An Evolutionary Linguistics Approach","volume":"89","author":"Barba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Evol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109494","article-title":"Inherited Activation-Inactivation of the Star Gene in Foxes: Its Bearing on the Problem of Domestication","volume":"72","author":"Belyaev","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.200800070","article-title":"Animal Evolution during Domestication: The Domesticated Fox as a Model","volume":"31","author":"Trut","year":"2009","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13480","article-title":"The Concerted Impact of Domestication and Transposon Insertions on Methylation Patterns between Dogs and Grey Wolves","volume":"25","author":"Koch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dvx002","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvx002","article-title":"Facilitation of Environmental Adaptation and Evolution by Epigenetic Phenotype Variation: Insights from Clonal, Invasive, Polyploid, and Domesticated Animals","volume":"3","author":"Vogt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-021-00138-6","article-title":"Epigenetic Variation in Animal Populations: Sources, Extent, Phenotypic Implications, and Ecological and Evolutionary Relevance","volume":"46","author":"Vogt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160135","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2016.0135","article-title":"The Evolutionary Implications of Epigenetic Inheritance","volume":"7","author":"Jablonka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2011.02235.x","article-title":"Three Epigenetic Information Channels and Their Different Roles in Evolution: Epigenetic Mechanisms and Evolution","volume":"24","author":"Shea","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E18","DOI":"10.1086\/660911","article-title":"A Unified Approach to the Evolutionary Consequences of Genetic and Nongenetic Inheritance","volume":"178","author":"Day","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2021.08.006","article-title":"Epigenetic Inheritance and Reproductive Mode in Plants and Animals","volume":"36","author":"Anastasiadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13296","article-title":"Epigenetic Mutations Can Both Help and Hinder Adaptive Evolution","volume":"25","author":"Kronholm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dvv014","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvv014","article-title":"The Role of Non-Genetic Inheritance in Evolutionary Rescue: Epigenetic Buffering, Heritable Bet Hedging and Epigenetic Traps","volume":"2","author":"Noble","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12453","article-title":"Epigenetically Facilitated Mutational Assimilation: Epigenetics as a Hub within the Inclusive Evolutionary Synthesis","volume":"94","author":"Danchin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-018-0384-z","article-title":"Epigenetics and Early Domestication: Differences in Hypothalamic DNA Methylation between Red Junglefowl Divergently Selected for High or Low Fear of Humans","volume":"50","author":"Belteky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15020-6","article-title":"Differential DNA Methylation of Vocal and Facial Anatomy Genes in Modern Humans","volume":"11","author":"Gokhman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Pontarotti, P. (2015). Domestication and Genetics: What a Comparison Between Land and Aquatic Species Can Bring?. Evolutionary Biology: Biodiversification from Genotype to Phenotype, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfab012","article-title":"Fish Domestication in Aquaculture: 10 Unanswered Questions","volume":"11","author":"Teletchea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"7","article-title":"Fish Domestication in Aquaculture: Reassessment and Emerging Questions","volume":"43","author":"Teletchea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cybium"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-0227-y","article-title":"Harnessing Genomics to Fast-Track Genetic Improvement in Aquaculture","volume":"21","author":"Houston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz153","article-title":"Epimutations in Developmental Genes Underlie the Onset of Domestication in Farmed European Sea Bass","volume":"36","author":"Anastasiadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-016-9431-4","article-title":"In Search of a \u201cCultured Fish Phenotype\u201d: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Vote-Counting Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Wringe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Fish Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12480","article-title":"How Domestication Alters Fish Phenotypes","volume":"13","author":"Milla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"92","article-title":"Comparative Genomics in Teleost Species: Knowledge Transfer by Linking the Genomes of Model and Non-Model Fish Species","volume":"6","author":"Sarropoulou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part D Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-021-09691-7","article-title":"Fish Genomics and Its Impact on Fundamental and Applied Research of Vertebrate Biology","volume":"32","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Fish Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12964","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711229114","article-title":"Parallel Epigenetic Modifications Induced by Hatchery Rearing in a Pacific Salmon","volume":"114","author":"Laporte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jkab353","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkab353","article-title":"Environment-Driven Reprogramming of Gamete DNA Methylation Occurs during Maturation and Is Transmitted Intergenerationally in Atlantic Salmon","volume":"11","author":"Wellband","year":"2021","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2020.1748914","article-title":"Major Gene Expression Changes and Epigenetic Remodelling in Nile Tilapia Muscle after Just One Generation of Domestication","volume":"15","author":"Konstantinidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podgorniak, T., Dhanasiri, A., Chen, X., Ren, X., Kuan, P.-F., and Fernandes, J. (2022). Early Fish Domestication Affects Methylation of Key Genes Involved in the Rapid Onset of the Farmed Phenotype. Epigenetics, 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2021.2017554"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Fu, B., Zhang, J., Xie, J., Wang, G., Jiang, P., Tian, J., Li, H., Xia, Y., and Yu, E. (2021). Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation reveals selection signatures of grass carp during the domestication. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.11.04.467282"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13235","article-title":"Epigenomic Modifications Induced by Hatchery Rearing Persist in Germ Line Cells of Adult Salmon after Their Oceanic Migration","volume":"14","author":"Leitwein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz135","article-title":"DNA Methylation Changes in the Sperm of Captive-Reared Fish: A Route to Epigenetic Introgression in Wild Populations","volume":"36","author":"Verspoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.118.200458","article-title":"Characterization of Genetic and Epigenetic Variation in Sperm and Red Blood Cells from Adult Hatchery and Natural-Origin Steelhead, Oncorhynchus Mykiss","volume":"8","author":"Gavery","year":"2018","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margen.2016.03.007","article-title":"Whole Genome Semiconductor Based Sequencing of Farmed European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax) Mediterranean Genetic Stocks Using a DNA Pooling Approach","volume":"28","author":"Bertolini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Genom."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.10.004","article-title":"Glutamate Receptors in Domestication and Modern Human Evolution","volume":"108","author":"Boeckx","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.05.019","article-title":"Symmetrical Dose-Dependent DNA-Methylation Profiles in Children with Deletion or Duplication of 7q11.23","volume":"97","author":"Strong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0675-2","article-title":"Integrated DNA Methylation Analysis Reveals a Potential Role for ANKRD30B in Williams Syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Kimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01585-w","article-title":"Integrative In Silico Analysis of Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiles in Schizophrenia","volume":"70","author":"Forero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320971085","article-title":"Altered DNA Methylation in a Severe Subtype of Idiopathic Autism: Evidence for Sex Differences in Affected Metabolic Pathways","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-021-00805-5","article-title":"Identification of Methylation Markers for Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, E.C., and Hu, V.W. (2020). Phenotypic Subtyping and Re-Analysis of Existing Methylation Data from Autistic Probands in Simplex Families Reveal ASD Subtype-Associated Differentially Methylated Genes and Biological Functions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186877"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5739","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx250","article-title":"Dysregulation of Cortical Neuron DNA Methylation Profile in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"27","author":"Nardone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heberle, H., Meirelles, G.V., da Silva, F.R., Telles, G.P., and Minghim, R. (2015). InteractiVenn: A Web-Based Tool for the Analysis of Sets through Venn Diagrams. BMC Bioinform., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-015-0611-3"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"R Core Team (2015). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"R Studio Team (2015). R Studio: Integrated Development Environment for R, R Studio, Inc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, E.Y., Tan, C.M., Kou, Y., Duan, Q., Wang, Z., Meirelles, G.V., Clark, N.R., and Ma\u2019ayan, A. (2013). Enrichr: Interactive and Collaborative HTML5 Gene List Enrichment Analysis Tool. BMC Bioinform., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-128"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W90","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw377","article-title":"Enrichr: A Comprehensive Gene Set Enrichment Analysis Web Server 2016 Update","volume":"44","author":"Kuleshov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.90","article-title":"Gene Set Knowledge Discovery with Enrichr","volume":"1","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Supek, F., Bo\u0161njak, M., \u0160kunca, N., and \u0160muc, T. (2011). REVIGO Summarizes and Visualizes Long Lists of Gene Ontology Terms. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021800"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17230","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1410083111","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of the Domestic Cat Genome Reveals Genetic Signatures Underlying Feline Biology and Domestication","volume":"111","author":"Montague","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pendleton, A.L., Shen, F., Taravella, A.M., Emery, S., Veeramah, K.R., Boyko, A.R., and Kidd, J.M. (2018). Comparison of Village Dog and Wolf Genomes Highlights the Role of the Neural Crest in Dog Domestication. BMC Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-018-0535-2"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"giy027","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giy027","article-title":"Whole-Genome Resequencing Reveals Signatures of Selection and Timing of Duck Domestication","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0611-6","article-title":"Red Fox Genome Assembly Identifies Genomic Regions Associated with Tame and Aggressive Behaviours","volume":"2","author":"Kukekova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1253714","article-title":"Rabbit Genome Analysis Reveals a Polygenic Basis for Phenotypic Change during Domestication","volume":"345","author":"Carneiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2021.1936634","article-title":"Recent Selection of Candidate Genes for Mammal Domestication in Europeans and Language Change in Europe: A Hypothesis","volume":"48","author":"Chekalin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-P\u00e9rez, J.V., Anagianni, S., Mech, A.M., Havelange, W., Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez, J., Fraser, S.E., Vallortigara, G., and Brennan, C.H. (2022). Behavioural Analysis of Loss of Function Zebrafish Supports baz1b as Master Regulator of Domestication. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.02.02.478842"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-020-00540-x","article-title":"GLI3: A Mediator of Genetic Diseases, Development and Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Matissek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal. CCS"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"27","article-title":"Mouse Thalamic Differentiation: Gli-Dependent Pattern and Gli-Independent Prepattern","volume":"6","author":"Heide","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21429","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.362145","article-title":"Prevention of Premature Fusion of Calvarial Suture in GLI-Kruppel Family Member 3 (Gli3)-Deficient Mice by Removing One Allele of Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 (Runx2)","volume":"287","author":"Tanimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405138111","article-title":"Patterns of Coding Variation in the Complete Exomes of Three Neandertals","volume":"111","author":"Castellano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8104-3-20","article-title":"Runx Transcription Factors in Neuronal Development","volume":"3","author":"Inoue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Dev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01324","article-title":"Globularity and Language-Readiness: Generating New Predictions by Expanding the Set of Genes of Interest","volume":"5","author":"Boeckx","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02717-7","article-title":"Smoc1 and Smoc2 Regulate Bone Formation as Downstream Molecules of Runx2","volume":"4","author":"Takahata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00136.2004","article-title":"Large-Scale Reprogramming of Cranial Neural Crest Gene Expression by Retinoic Acid Exposure","volume":"19","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15336","article-title":"Brain Extracellular Matrix: An Upcoming Target in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"53","author":"Dityatev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160imi\u0107, G., Vuki\u0107, V., Kopi\u0107, J., Krsnik, \u017d., and Hof, P.R. (2020). Molecules, Mechanisms, and Disorders of Self-Domestication: Keys for Understanding Emotional and Social Communication from an Evolutionary Perspective. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11010002"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.07.065","article-title":"Duplication of Fgfr1 Permits Fgf Signaling to Serve as a Target for Selection during Domestication","volume":"19","author":"Rohner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Biol. CB"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.02.004","article-title":"Zebrafish Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"299","author":"Meshalkina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-019-00838-2","article-title":"Zebrafish Is a Central Model to Dissect the Peripheral Neuropathy","volume":"41","author":"Won","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes Genom."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.05.017","article-title":"Genetic Zebrafish Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"40","author":"Bandmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00571-5","article-title":"Zebrafish as an Animal Model for Biomedical Research","volume":"53","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"181","article-title":"Beyond the Zebrafish: Diverse Fish Species for Modeling Human Disease","volume":"7","author":"Schartl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2008.11.006","article-title":"Evolutionary Mutant Models for Human Disease","volume":"25","author":"Albertson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Genet. TIG"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2021.07.002","article-title":"Advancing Human Disease Research with Fish Evolutionary Mutant Models","volume":"38","author":"Beck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00063","article-title":"The Role of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) in Dissecting the Genetics and Neural Circuits of Executive Function","volume":"7","author":"Parker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2008.05.005","article-title":"Zebrafish as a Model for Infectious Disease and Immune Function","volume":"25","author":"Sullivan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12111","article-title":"The Zebrafish Reference Genome Sequence and Its Relationship to the Human Genome","volume":"496","author":"Howe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.02.004","article-title":"The Use of Fish Models to Study Human Neurological Disorders","volume":"120","author":"Matsui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00703","article-title":"The Role of Zebrafish and Laboratory Rodents in Schizophrenia Research","volume":"11","author":"Langova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.20607","article-title":"Zebrafish Gene Knockdowns Imply Roles for Human YWHAG in Infantile Spasms and Cardiomegaly","volume":"48","author":"Komoike","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575575","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.575575","article-title":"Using Zebrafish to Model Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comparison of ASD Risk Genes Between Zebrafish and Their Mammalian Counterparts","volume":"13","author":"Rea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/jai.13670","article-title":"What Aquaculture Does for Taxonomy, Evo-Devo, Palaeontology, Biomechanics and Biomedical Research","volume":"34","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ichthyol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Villagra, M. (2022). The Process of Animal Domestication, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691217666.001.0001"}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/6\/987\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:22:28Z","timestamp":1760138548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/6\/987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["genes13060987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes13060987","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.02.24.481892","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]}}}