{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:55:45Z","timestamp":1781762145794,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Andalusian Secretary of Innovation and Science","award":["P06-CTS-01686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P06-CTS-01686"]}]},{"name":"Andalusian Secretary of Innovation and Science","award":["FIS PS09\/01671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS PS09\/01671"]}]},{"name":"Andalusian Secretary of Innovation and Science","award":["PI13\/01967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/01967"]}]},{"name":"Andalusian Secretary of Innovation and Science","award":["PI18\/00467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00467"]}]},{"name":"Andalusian Secretary of Innovation and Science","award":["B-CTS-361-UGR18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B-CTS-361-UGR18"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Ministry of Health via the Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P06-CTS-01686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P06-CTS-01686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Ministry of Health via the Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FIS PS09\/01671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS PS09\/01671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Ministry of Health via the Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI13\/01967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/01967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Ministry of Health via the Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI18\/00467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Ministry of Health via the Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B-CTS-361-UGR18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B-CTS-361-UGR18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programa Operativo FEDER 2018","award":["P06-CTS-01686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P06-CTS-01686"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operativo FEDER 2018","award":["FIS PS09\/01671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS PS09\/01671"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operativo FEDER 2018","award":["PI13\/01967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/01967"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operativo FEDER 2018","award":["PI18\/00467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00467"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operativo FEDER 2018","award":["B-CTS-361-UGR18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B-CTS-361-UGR18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous and severe psychotic disorder. Epidemiological findings have suggested that the exposure to infectious agents such as Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is associated with an increased risk for schizophrenia. On the other hand, there is evidence involving the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val105\/158Met polymorphism in the aetiology of schizophrenia since it alters the dopamine metabolism. A case\u2013control study of 141 patients and 142 controls was conducted to analyse the polymorphism, the prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG, and their interaction on the risk for schizophrenia. IgG were detected by ELISA, and genotyping was performed with TaqMan Real-Time PCR. Although no association was found between any COMT genotype and schizophrenia, we found a significant association between T. gondii seropositivity and the disorder (\u03c72 = 11.71; p-value &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, the risk for schizophrenia conferred by T. gondii was modified by the COMT genotype, with those who had been exposed to the infection showing a different risk compared to that of nonexposed ones depending on the COMT genotype (\u03c72 for the interaction = 7.28, p-value = 0.007). This study provides evidence that the COMT genotype modifies the risk for schizophrenia conferred by T. gondii infection, with it being higher in those individuals with the Met\/Met phenotype, intermediate in heterozygous, and lower in those with the Val\/Val phenotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13061088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T09:51:11Z","timestamp":1655545871000},"page":"1088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii Seropositivity Interacts with Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val105\/158Met Variation Increasing the Risk of Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2177-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Rovira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatr\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Vicerectorat de Recerca, Investigadora postdoctoral Margarita Salas, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2750-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatr\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0249-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Sorl\u00f3zano-Puerto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6146-9740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0771-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1333-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Discapacidad Intelectual y Trastornos del Desarrollo (UNIVIDD), Fundaci\u00f3 Villablanca, IISPV, Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 43007 Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1007-8966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Ibanez-Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, 12901 NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Victoria","family":"Mart\u00edn-Laguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6935-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araceli","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Zoologia i Antropologia Biol\u00f2gica, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ci\u00e8ncies Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Torres-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatr\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6891-1992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Cervilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatr\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Network of National Networks Studying Gene-Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia (EU-GEI), van Os, J., Rutten, B.P., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., Viechtbauer, W., van Zelst, C., 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