{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:23:30Z","timestamp":1785471810344,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline R&amp;D","award":["213674\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["213674\/Z\/18\/Z"]}]},{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline R&amp;D","award":["27404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27404"]}]},{"name":"Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship","award":["213674\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["213674\/Z\/18\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship","award":["27404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27404"]}]},{"name":"2018 NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain &amp; Behavior Research Foundation","award":["213674\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["213674\/Z\/18\/Z"]}]},{"name":"2018 NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain &amp; Behavior Research Foundation","award":["27404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27404"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre","award":["213674\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["213674\/Z\/18\/Z"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre","award":["27404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27404"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research suggests that both genetic and environmental risk factors are involved in the aetiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Importantly, environmental and genetic risk factors are often related as evidenced in gene\u2013environment correlation (rGE), which describes the observation that genetic and environmental factors are associated with each other. It is understood that rGE gets stronger over time as individuals select their environments more actively based on their genetic propensities. However, little is known whether rGEs remain stable over time or change across different development periods. Using data from three British longitudinal cohorts, we investigated whether rGE patterns of polygenic risk scores (PRS) for SCZ and MDD changed over time across childhood and adulthood, as well as across both from birth to age 55 and whether results differed between SCZ and MDD. Overall, the majority of rGEs remained stable across the investigated development periods. Furthermore, the few detected rGE changes which did differ between SCZ and MDD, could not be explained by the confounding of clinical cases and are therefore likely the result of actual changes in environmental and cultural risk factors with genetic susceptibility to SCZ and MDD likely playing a less significant role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13071136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T10:39:13Z","timestamp":1656153553000},"page":"1136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gene\u2013Environment Correlation over Time: A Longitudinal Analysis of Polygenic Risk Scores for Schizophrenia and Major Depression in Three British Cohorts Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Machlitt-Northen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Keers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4176-2947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Munroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6005-1972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"},{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pluess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797004716","article-title":"Stressful life events and genetic liability to major depression: Genetic control of exposure to the environment?","volume":"27","author":"Kendler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. 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