{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:31:47Z","timestamp":1790832707636,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rural Development Administration","award":["PJ01479603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ01479603"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the impact of heat stress (HS) and the effects of dietary soluble fiber from beet pulp (BP) on gene expression (differentially expressed genes, DEGs) of the porcine jejunum. Out of the 82 DEGs, 47 genes were up-regulated, and 35 genes were downregulated between treatments. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were related mainly to the actin cytoskeleton organization and muscle structure development in biological processes, cytoplasm, stress fibers, Z disc, cytoskeleton, and the extracellular regions in cellular composition, and actin binding, calcium ion binding, actin filament binding, and pyridoxal phosphate binding in the molecular function. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were involved in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, vascular smooth muscle contraction, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, and African trypanosomiasis. Several of the genes (HSPB6, HSP70, TPM1, TAGLN, CCL4) in the HS group were involved in cellular oxidative stress, immune responses, and cellular differentiation. In contrast, the DEGs in the dietary BP group were related to intestinal epithelium integrity and immune response to pathogens, including S100A2, GCNT3, LYZ, SCGB1A1, SAA3, and ST3GAL1. These findings might help understand the HS response and the effect of dietary fiber (DF) regarding HS and be a valuable reference for future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13081456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T23:44:25Z","timestamp":1660693465000},"page":"1456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Transcriptomic Analysis of the Porcine Gut in Response to Heat Stress and Dietary Soluble Fiber from Beet Pulp"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6950-0458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minju","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugeni","family":"Roura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohan","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joeun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)74040-5","article-title":"Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries","volume":"86","author":"Cobanov","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15267","article-title":"Physiological consequences of heat stress in pigs","volume":"55","author":"Ross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.52339","article-title":"Heat stress reduces barrier function and alters intestinal metabolism in growing pigs","volume":"90","author":"Pearce","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5183","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6759","article-title":"Heat stress and reduced plane of nutrition decreases intestinal integrity and function in pigs","volume":"91","author":"Pearce","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8347","article-title":"Carcass composition of market weight pigs subjected to heat stress in utero and during finishing","volume":"93","author":"Cruzen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8354","article-title":"Effects of in utero heat stress on postnatal body composition in pigs: I. Growing phase","volume":"93","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9393","article-title":"Effect of heat stress on the endogenous intestinal loss of amino acids in growing pigs","volume":"94","author":"Morales","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2012.04.014","article-title":"Soybean oil and crude protein levels for growing pigs kept under heat stress conditions","volume":"147","author":"Wolp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731113001961","article-title":"Effects of supplemental zinc amino acid complex on gut integrity in heat-stressed growing pigs","volume":"8","author":"Fernandez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4702","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9018","article-title":"Dietary organic zinc attenuates heat stress\u2013induced changes in pig intestinal integrity and metabolism","volume":"93","author":"Pearce","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4688","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0756","article-title":"Does heat stress alter the pig\u2019s response to dietary fat?","volume":"94","author":"Kellner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085746","article-title":"Selenium and vitamin E together improve intestinal epithelial barrier function and alleviate oxidative stress in heat-stressed pigs","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2017.00155","article-title":"Effects of diet and genetics on growth performance of pigs in response to repeated exposure to heat stress","volume":"8","author":"Rauw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky293","article-title":"Effects of zinc amino acid complex on biomarkers of gut integrity and metabolism during and following heat stress or feed restriction in pigs","volume":"96","author":"Mayorga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfy035","article-title":"Heat stress adaptations in pigs","volume":"9","author":"Mayorga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Wei, J., Yu, H., Hao, X., Zuo, J., Tan, C., and Deng, J. (2020). Effects of dietary fiber sources during gestation on stress status, abnormal behaviors and reproductive performance of sows. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010141"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.05.023","article-title":"Biology of heat stress; the nexus between intestinal hyperpermeability and swine reproduction","volume":"154","author":"Mayorga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3010187","article-title":"Heat shock proteins: Intestinal gatekeepers that are influenced by dietary components and the gut microbiota","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8847","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11029","article-title":"Shredded beet pulp substituted for corn silage in diets fed to dairy cows under ambient heat stress: Feed intake, total-tract digestibility, plasma metabolites, and milk production","volume":"99","author":"Naderi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012","article-title":"The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Makki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00048","article-title":"Dietary fiber and intestinal health of monogastric animals","volume":"6","author":"Jha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srikanth, K., Park, J.E., Ji, S.Y., Kim, K.H., Lee, Y.K., Kumar, H., Kim, M., Baek, Y.C., Kim, H., and Jang, G.W. (2020). Genome-wide transcriptome and metabolome analyses provide novel insights and suggest a sex-specific response to heat stress in pigs. Genes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11050540"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2010.01.008","article-title":"Effect of heat stress on the porcine small intestine: A morphological and gene expression study. Comp. Biochem","volume":"156","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearce, S.C., Lonergan, S.M., Huff-Lonergan, E., Baumgard, L.H., and Gabler, N.K. (2015). Acute heat stress and reduced nutrient intake alter intestinal proteomic profile and gene expression in pigs. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143099"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skab254","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab254","article-title":"Effect of a carbohydrase admixture in growing pigs fed wheat-based diets in thermoneutral and heat stress conditions","volume":"99","author":"Oladele","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S., Hosseindoust, A., Ha, S., Moturi, J., Mun, J., Tajudeen, H., and Kim, J. (2022). Metabolic responses of dietary fiber during heat stress: Effects on reproductive performance and stress level of gestating sows. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12040280"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"National Research Council (U.S.) (2012). Nutrient Requirements of Swine, National Academic Press. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2022, April 15). A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data. Available online: http:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2022, April 15). FASTX Toolkit. Available online: http:\/\/hannonlab.cshl.edu\/fastx_toolkit\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2022, April 15). BBMap. Available online: https:\/\/sourceforge.net\/projects\/bbmap\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp120","article-title":"TopHat: Discovering splice junctions with RNA-Seq","volume":"25","author":"Trapnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R22","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-3-r22","article-title":"Improving RNA-Seq expression estimates by correcting for fragment bias","volume":"12","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gody\u0144, D., Herbut, P., Angrecka, S., and Vieira, F.M.C. (2020). Use of different cooling methods in pig facilities to alleviate the effects of heat stress-A review. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091459"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15280","article-title":"The impact of heat stress on intestinal function and productivity in grow-finish pigs","volume":"55","author":"Gabler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txx003","article-title":"Diurnal heat stress reduces pig intestinal integrity and increases endotoxin translocation","volume":"2","author":"Gabler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.041","article-title":"Reversible, specific, active aggregates of endogenous proteins assemble upon heat stress","volume":"162","author":"Wallace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.027","article-title":"Stress-triggered phase separation is an adaptive, evolutionarily tuned response","volume":"168","author":"Riback","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14769","article-title":"Evolution of heat-shock protein expression underlying adaptive responses to environmental stress","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.04.021","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties of two point mutants of small heat shock protein HspB6 (Hsp20) with abrogated cardioprotection","volume":"174","author":"Shatov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Z., Chu, M., Li, Q., Jin, M., Fei, X., Ma, L., Jin, M., Fei, X., Ma, L., and Zhang, L. (2019). Transcriptomic analysis provides novel insights into heat stress responses in sheep. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9060387"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/35014014","article-title":"Dynamic interaction of BiP and ER stress transducers in the unfolded-protein response","volume":"2","author":"Bertolotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-008-0068-7","article-title":"Guidelines for the nomenclature of the human heat shock proteins","volume":"14","author":"Kampinga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inducible HSP70 is critical in preventing the aggregation and enhancing the processing of PMP22","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9091","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.19.9091","article-title":"Creatine kinase (CK) in skeletal muscle energy metabolism: A study of mouse mutants with graded reduction in muscle CK expression","volume":"91","author":"Ruitenbeek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2008.04.032","article-title":"Pig Longissimus lumborum proteome: Part II: Relationships between protein content and meat quality","volume":"80","author":"Kwasiborski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.11.139","article-title":"Phosphoproteome analysis of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins in bovine longissimus muscle in response to postmortem electrical stimulation","volume":"175","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-019-0643-9","article-title":"Mechanism of continuous high temperature affecting growth performance, meat quality, and muscle biochemical properties of finishing pigs","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2321","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.196","article-title":"Transgelin is a TGF\u03b2-inducible gene that regulates osteoblastic and adipogenic differentiation of human skeletal stem cells through actin cytoskeleston organization","volume":"7","author":"Elsafadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2019.11.009","article-title":"Thermotolerance and plasticity of camel somatic cells exposed to acute and chronic heat stress","volume":"22","author":"Saadeldin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1039\/C4MB00495G","article-title":"Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals heat stress-induced injury in rat small intestine via activation of the MAPK and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.256","article-title":"Polymerization of MIP-1 chemokine (CCL3 and CCL4) and clearance of MIP-1 by insulin-degrading enzyme","volume":"29","author":"Ren","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2014.939722","article-title":"Microarray analysis of intestinal immune-related gene expression in heat-stressed rats","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.10.055","article-title":"Research Note: Phytobiotics modulate the expression profile of circulating inflammasome and cyto (chemo) kine in whole blood of broilers exposed to cyclic heat stress","volume":"100","author":"Greene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01298-12","article-title":"Granule exocytosis of granulysin and granzyme B as a potential key mechanism in vaccine-induced immunity in cattle against the nematode Ostertagia ostertagi","volume":"81","author":"Borloo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"5","article-title":"Effects of plant extract and natural substance food additives on stress and immune response in weaning piglets","volume":"12","author":"Schwerin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Zootech."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2018.08.016","article-title":"Influence of oxidative damage to proteins on meat tenderness using a proteomics approach","volume":"148","author":"Malheiros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101794","article-title":"Proteomic changes in broiler liver by body weight differences under chronic heat stress","volume":"101","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12419","article-title":"The micro RNA expression profile in porcine skeletal muscle is changed by constant heat stress","volume":"47","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-15-0161","article-title":"Proteomic changes of the porcine small intestine in response to chronic heat stress","volume":"55","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8407","article-title":"Short-term exposure to heat stress attenuates appetite and intestinal integrity in growing pigs","volume":"92","author":"Pearce","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8835","article-title":"Proteomic changes of the porcine skeletal muscle in response to chronic heat stress","volume":"98","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.07.032","article-title":"Proteomic changes to the sarcoplasmic fraction of predominantly red or white muscle following acute heat stress","volume":"128","author":"Cruzen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1975","article-title":"Effects of body weight and fiber sources on fiber digestibility and short chain fatty acid concentration in growing pigs. Asian-Australas","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(01)00046-2","article-title":"S100: A multigenic family of calcium-modulated proteins of the EF-hand type with intracellular and extracellular functional roles","volume":"33","author":"Donato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"69","article-title":"The multifunctional S100 protein family","volume":"172","author":"Heizmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00078.x","article-title":"Biochemical characterization of S100A2 in human keratinocytes: Subcellular localization, dimerization, and oxidative cross-linking","volume":"115","author":"Deshpande","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-008-0118-6","article-title":"Early transcriptional response in the jejunum of germ-free piglets after oral infection with virulent rotavirus","volume":"153","author":"Hulst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731109991285","article-title":"Gene expression in the digestive tissues of ruminants and their relationships with feeding and digestive processes","volume":"4","author":"Connor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO03065D","article-title":"l-Glutamate drives porcine intestinal epithelial renewal by increasing stem cell activity via upregulation of the EGFR-ERK-mTORC1 pathway","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2011.02287.x","article-title":"Microarray analysis of differential gene expression in sensitive and resistant pig to Escherichia coli F18","volume":"43","author":"Bao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80180-6","article-title":"The ST3Gal-I sialyltransferase controls CD8+ T lymphocyte homeostasis by modulating O-glycan biosynthesis","volume":"12","author":"Priatel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10967","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02582A","article-title":"Gut microbiota mediates the effects of inulin on enhancing sulfomucin production and mucosal barrier function in a pig model","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Yin, D., Mahmood, T., and Yuan, J. (2020). Transcriptome analysis reveals a molecular understanding of nicotinamide and butyrate sodium on meat quality of broilers under high stocking density. BMC Genom., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-06827-0"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsen, H.G., Skovgaard, K., Nielsen, O.L., Leifsson, P.S., Jensen, H.E., Iburg, T., and Heegaard, P.M. (2013). Organization and biology of the porcine serum amyloid A (SAA) gene cluster: Isoform specific responses to bacterial infection. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076695"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.02.044","article-title":"Serum amyloid A1: Structure, function and gene polymorphism","volume":"583","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2017.10.007","article-title":"Porcine serum amyloid A3 is expressed in extrahepatic tissues and facilitates viral replication during porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus infection","volume":"79","author":"Huan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/8\/1456\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:10:38Z","timestamp":1760141438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/8\/1456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["genes13081456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes13081456","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]}}}